Publications
East Sussex Milestones: A Survey, by Brian Austen and John Upton, published December 1972 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 5, article, pp.2-13) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/5] & The Keep [LIB/506524] Download PDF
Abstract:No doubt the earliest Sussex milestones were erected during the Roman occupation of Britain but none from the county have come to light, though the probable locations of the 61 milestones flanking Stane Street have been calculated by S.E. Winbolt. Direction posts and milestones were again in use by the 16th and 17th centuries in the adjoining county of Kent, and authority was given in 1697 to the County Justices in Special Highway Session to direct highway surveyors to erect direction posts or stones at cross roads.
Most existing milestones however owe their existence to turnpike trusts. The setting up of milestones was not made mandatory on all trusts until the General Turnpike Act of 1760 but most individual turnpike acts from the early 1740s required the trustees to measure their roads and set up posts, stones or marks every mile beside the road 'denoting the Distance of any one Town or Place from any other Town or Place'! Initially turnpike trusts must have been at considerable expense to place the highway in a satisfactory state of repair and the erection of mileposts was probably looked upon as an unwelcome charge on their funds. Some trusts may have attempted to economise by erecting painted wooden posts. Amongst papers relating to the Flimwell and Hastings trust (1762) there is an estimate dated 13 April 1761 for such wooden posts to cost 12s. each.
Some milestones were erected within towns by municipal authorities where roads were not under the control of turnpike trustees, and private individuals might also be responsible for their erection.
By the last quarter of the 19th century milestones must have been virtually universal on the turnpike roads in Sussex, and the 1st edition of the 6 in. Ordnance Survey maps issued for the county in the late 1870s show this to be so. There were however even at this date a few surprising omissions. No milestones are marked on the line of the Newchapel and Brighton trust (1770) which did not finally expire until 1 November 1884, while the Hodges (Mayfield) to Cuckfield trust (1771) shows a similar lack. With the gradual demise of the turnpike trusts, mostly in the 1870s and 1880s, the maintenance of the roads, and hence the milestones, passed briefly to local highway authorities and then from 1888 to the newly established County Councils.
Most existing milestones however owe their existence to turnpike trusts. The setting up of milestones was not made mandatory on all trusts until the General Turnpike Act of 1760 but most individual turnpike acts from the early 1740s required the trustees to measure their roads and set up posts, stones or marks every mile beside the road 'denoting the Distance of any one Town or Place from any other Town or Place'! Initially turnpike trusts must have been at considerable expense to place the highway in a satisfactory state of repair and the erection of mileposts was probably looked upon as an unwelcome charge on their funds. Some trusts may have attempted to economise by erecting painted wooden posts. Amongst papers relating to the Flimwell and Hastings trust (1762) there is an estimate dated 13 April 1761 for such wooden posts to cost 12s. each.
Some milestones were erected within towns by municipal authorities where roads were not under the control of turnpike trustees, and private individuals might also be responsible for their erection.
By the last quarter of the 19th century milestones must have been virtually universal on the turnpike roads in Sussex, and the 1st edition of the 6 in. Ordnance Survey maps issued for the county in the late 1870s show this to be so. There were however even at this date a few surprising omissions. No milestones are marked on the line of the Newchapel and Brighton trust (1770) which did not finally expire until 1 November 1884, while the Hodges (Mayfield) to Cuckfield trust (1771) shows a similar lack. With the gradual demise of the turnpike trusts, mostly in the 1870s and 1880s, the maintenance of the roads, and hence the milestones, passed briefly to local highway authorities and then from 1888 to the newly established County Councils.
East Sussex Milestones - Further Notes, by Brian Austen and John Upton, published 1976 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 7, article, pp.23-24) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/7] & The Keep [LIB/506524] Download PDF
Abstract:Since the publication in 1973 of our survey of East Sussex milestones further information has come to light which has prompted us to assemble this article. For the convenience of readers who may wish to relate the information contained here to the previous article the same basic layout has been adopted.
Seven Sussex Windmills, by Brian Austen, published 1977 (pamphlet, 26 leaves, published by the author) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14400] & British Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries
Windmills of Sussex: A Guide to Fourteen Sussex Windmills, by Brian Austen, published 1978 (32 pp., Brighton: Sabre Publishing) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/502335] & British Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1985 (issue no. 15, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/15] & The Keep [LIB/506525] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial Archaeology: a Field Guide, edited by Brian Austen, Don Cox and J. Upton, published 1 January 1985 (114 pp., Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd., ISBN-10: 0850335566 & ISBN-13: 9780850335569) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9137] & The Keep [LIB/502228] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries
Abstract:Sussex was not dramatically affected by the first impact of the Industrial Revolution, but for long had a range of industries serving local needs, mainly associated with food processing, agriculture and building trades.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1987 (issue no. 17, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/17] & The Keep [LIB/506526] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1989 (issue no. 19, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1990 (issue no. 20, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1991 (issue no. 21, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1992 (issue no. 22, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1993 (issue no. 23, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1994 (issue no. 24, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/24] & The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1995 (issue no. 25, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History - A Quarter Century, by Brian Austen, published 1995 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 25, article, pp.29-33, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Abstract:With the publication of issue 25 of Sussex Industrial History it was thought appropriate to review briefly the history of the publication and to list the articles contained in the various issues.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1996 (issue no. 26, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1997 (issue no. 27, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Brighton's Tunbridge Ware Industry, by Brian Austen, published 1997 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 27, article, pp.8-17, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Abstract:The popularisation of sea-bathing from the mid-eighteenth century was, in the matter of a few decades, to transform Brighton from a decaying town reliant on fishing and the sea-carrying trades, to a thrusting boom town dedicated to health and the pleasures of life. The first sea-bathers, concerned to promote their health. had arrived in the 1730s and it was the publicity given to sea water cures by Dr. Richard Russell, and his residence in the town from 1754, which stimulated growth. As at inland spas medicinal requirements were rapidly overtakes by the need for facilities that would promote social activity and entertainment. By 1754 an Assembly Room existed at the Castle Inn and another was added at the Old Ship in 1761. Six years later a Master of Ceremonies was appointed. The first visit by royalty was in July 1765 by the Duke of Gloucester. Tradesman were attracted to the town to serve the visitors, such as booksellers and librarians, toymen, perfumers and milliners. There was a demand for attractive and fashionable objects that would provide memories of the time spent in the town, or presents for those family or friend at home. It was to service this need that the Tunbridge ware industry developed in Brighton.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 1998 (issue no. 28, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527] Download PDF
Industrial Sussex, by Brian Austen, published 1 January 1999 in An Historical Atlas of Sussex (pp.104-105, Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd, ISBN-10: 1860771122 & ISBN-13: 9781860771125) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14026][Lib 18777] & The Keep [LIB/501686][LIB/508903] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2000 (issue no. 30, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/30] & The Keep [LIB/506528] Download PDF
Midhurst Whites Brickworks: George Cloke's Account, by Brian Austen (introduction), published 2000 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 30, article, pp.24-28, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/30] & The Keep [LIB/506528] Download PDF
Abstract:Only a store shed and some points from a light railway now survive from the Midhurst Whites Brickworks which were sited close to the former London & South Western Railway station at Midhurst (SU 877213). The Works were established in 1913 by S. Pearson & Son, Civil Engineers, a firm controlled by the Cowdray family. The Works at Midhurst Common were built on land owned by Lord Cowdray. Sand for brick production was extracted from a site close to the Works. After World War I the business was sold and the new owner also operated a lime works at Cocking, three miles south of Midhurst. In 1926 Benjamin Cloke became the owner and by 1930 was trading as the Midhurst Brick & Lime Co. Ltd. He used the railway to despatch bricks to London. In common with other brickworks, the business suffered from the depression of the early 1930s and unsold stocks of bricks mounted.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2001 (issue no. 31, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506529] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2002 (issue no. 32, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506530] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2003 (issue no. 33, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506531] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2004 (issue no. 34, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506532] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2005 (issue no. 35, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506533] Download PDF
Turnpike Roads to Chichester, Midhurst & Petworth, by Brian Austen, published 2005 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 35, article, pp.28-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506533] Download PDF
Abstract:It is intended to record all tollhouses and milestones and any other turnpike structures starting in the west of the county. A hub town will be identified and all turnpike roads serving this place will be examined. A brief history of each of the trusts will be followed by a list of the sites of the tollhouses, and if there are any structures still present these will be described. Surviving milestones will be located and their nature indicated. The first hub city covered in this article is Chichester with the two smaller towns of Midhurst and Petworth also included.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2006 (issue no. 36, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506534] Download PDF
Turnpike Roads to Arundel, Worthing and Littlehampton, by Brian Austen, published 2006 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 36, article, pp.12-23, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506534] Download PDF
Abstract:The first article in the survey of Turnpike Roads covered, in the main, the Rape of Chichester; this section extends eastwards and includes the southern part of the Rape of Arundel and the south-western part of the Rape of Bramber.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2007 (issue no. 37, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506535] Download PDF
West Sussex Tollhouse and Milestone Survey - Additional Information, by Brian Austen, published 2007 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 37, article, pp.16-18, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506535] Download PDF
Abstract:Articles appeared in Sussex Industrial History vol. 35 (2005) concerning the turnpike roads in the Chichester, Midhurst and Petworth area and in vol. 36 (2006) for the Arundel, Worthing and Littlehampton area. Additional information has now come to light, partly as a result of publication.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2008 (issue no. 38, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506536] Download PDF
Turnpikes to Horsham, by Brian Austen, published 2008 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 38, article, pp.17-29, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506536] Download PDF
Abstract:The history of Turnpike roads to and from Horsham commencing in 1775 with the opening of the Horsham and Epsom Trust
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2009 (issue no. 39, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/39] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2010 (issue no. 40, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506537] Download PDF
Turnpikes to Steyning, Henfield and Shoreham, by Brian Austen, published 2010 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 40, article, pp.24-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506537] Download PDF
Abstract:The connection of Horsham to London by turnpike in 1755 made the produce of the area accessible to the growing market of an expanding capital city, increasing not only the prosperity of the farming community but also of the landowners and the region at large.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2011 (issue no. 41, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/41] & The Keep [LIB/506538] Download PDF
Turnpikes to Brighton, by Brian Austen, published 2011 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 41, article, pp.39-59, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/41] & The Keep [LIB/506538] Download PDF
Abstract:Turnpike development in the period before 1770 had connected the administrative and commercial towns of the County of Sussex with London. The improved road network also provided the means by which agricultural produce could reach the burgeoning London market, enhancing the rental levels obtained by Sussex landholders. Coastal settlements were not however served by turnpikes, with the exception of Hastings which was connected by 1753, as sea transit could provide routes to other coastal towns and
London. Fish was one of the few commodities of the Sussex coast which used roads to reach inland markets including London. This was to change, and Brighton led the way as it developed as a pioneering sea-bathing resort.
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2012 (issue no. 42, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/42] & The Keep [LIB/506539] Download PDF
Turnpikes to Lewes and Newhaven, by Brian Austen, published 2012 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 42, article, pp.27-43, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/42] & The Keep [LIB/506539] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2013 (issue no. 43, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/43] & The Keep [LIB/507840] Download PDF
East Sussex Turnpikes of the High Weald, by Brian Austen, published 2013 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 43, article, pp.31-47, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/43] & The Keep [LIB/507840] Download PDF
Sussex Industrial History: Journal of the Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society, edited by Dr. Brian Austen, published 2014 (issue no. 44, Sussex Industrial History, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/44] & The Keep [LIB/507922] Download PDF
Barcombe Mills Toll Rad, by Brian Austen & John Blackwell, published 2014 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 44, article, pp.20-22, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/44] & The Keep [LIB/507922] Download PDF