Bibliography - S.A.C. 1999 (vol. 137)
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Sussex Archaeological Collections: Relating to the history and antiquities of East and West Sussex, published 1999 (vol. 137, Sussex Archæological Society) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Stone finds in context: a contribution to the study of later prehistoric artefact assemblages, by Mike Seager Thomas, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.39-48) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

One of the more common finds made on later prehistoric sites in Sussex is humanly-transported stone. By reviewing traditional approaches to such finds and considering the implications of their study - in context - for a range of differing social models previously applied to the interpretation of the important Middle Bronze Age settlement site of Black Patch, Alciston, the present paper demonstrates how such study can inform our understanding of the later prehistoric period generally. Clasts (pieces of stone comprising the whole or part of a stone object) are considered in relation to each other, to non-stone finds from the site, and to the various features from which they were recovered.

The excavation of a Romano-British site at Burgess Hill, West Sussex, by Jennifer Sawyer, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.49-58) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

A watching brief and subsequent excavation by the Field Archaeology Unit, University College London, in advance of development of land to the west of Burgess Hill revealed a number of Romano-British features. Evidence of Mesolithic and Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age activity was established through the surface collection of a small assemblage of worked flint. A single blade/burin of Upper Palaeolithic date was also located. Romano-British features, which were predominantly of late 4th-century date included a ditch with a large pottery assemblage and a probable corn-drying oven.

The bathhouse of Angmering Roman Villa: a reconsideration of its sequence and context, by Oliver J. Gilkes, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.59-70) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Roman villa at Angmering was one of the first of the elaborate early Roman villas of Sussex to be excavated. The bathhouse has always been seen as a structure with a single main phase, and the arrangement of the rest of the villa complex is far from clear. This article re-examines the bathhouse and proposes a new interpretation of its structural sequence based around four principal phases of activity. The rest of the villa complex is briefly examined in relation to the bathhouse.

Sexing of Romano-British baby burials from the Beddingham and Bignor Villas, by Tony Waldron, G. Michael Taylor and David Rudling, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.71-80) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

A simple method is described for measuring the depth of the sciatic notch in foetal ilia. In the pilot study presented, both morphological and molecular analyses were undertaken separately to determine the sexes of six Romano-British infant burials from the Roman villa at Beddingham, East Sussex and one from the villa at Bignor, West Sussex. We have attempted to establish a discriminant criterion by relating morphological findings to the sex as determined by amelogenin PCR. Simple geometrical analysis of the sciatic notch indicated that of the six infant burials at Beddingham, three were female and three were male. Using the same criteria, the sex of the Bignor baby was determined as female. Amelogenin PCR was in agreement in four cases from Beddingham (three males and one female), but owing to poor quality of DNA, comparison was excluded in two remaining burials judged as female on morphological criteria. Similarly, owing to poor DNA preservation, PCR was negative with bone extracts prepared from the Bignor baby. If the burials at Beddingham were the result of infanticide, its victims were not exclusively female.

The course of the London to Brighton Roman road south of Burgess Hill, by Glen Shields, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.81-90) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

A new course for the London to Brighton Roman road in the Hassocks area and through the Clayton Gap is proposed and described. The existence of an unsuspected Roman road passing northward from the Hassocks area towards the ancient iron-working sites at Crawley is suggested, which has implications for a possible Iron Age road in the region, and for the Roman settlement at Ham Farm in Hassocks. The Clayton Gap findings clarify the changes that were made to the London to Brighton stage-coach road there between 1770 and 1818. Some discussion is given of the possible further course of the Roman road from the Clayton Gap to the coast.

The excavation of land adjacent to the Old Farmhouse, Pevensey, East Sussex, 1994, by Luke Barber, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.91-120) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Rescue excavations undertaken during 1994 by the Field Archaeology Unit of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, on land adjacent to the Old Farmhouse, High Street, Pevensey, revealed a dense concentration of archaeological features. The excavations and post-excavation work were funded by English Heritage.
Although some residual Romano-British material was found, no evidence of actual occupation of this period was discovered. The onset of habitation on the site appears to have been during the 12th century. The badly damaged remains of one possible building dating to this period were identified. It appears to have gone out of use by the end of the 13th century. Numerous features, predominantly pits, dating from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries were also located, although no definite structural remains could be associated with them. Evidence for activity dating from the 16th to 18th centuries was limited. 19th-century activity had, however, been extensive, causing serious damage to the earlier remains in the street frontage area.

Adapting houses to changing needs: multi-phased medieval and transitional houses in East Sussex, by David Martin and Barbara Martin, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.121-132) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

It is often asserted that the 150 years from 1380 witnessed an emerging nouveau riche class, able for the first time to construct houses incorporating a lofty open hall and substantial first-floor end-chambers, which were sufficiently well-built to survive to the present day. That this model is broadly correct there can be little doubt. But by implying that these houses were always constructed in one phase, wholly replacing their predecessors, we are in danger of over-simplifying the true picture. Research within eastern Sussex indicates that at least 29 per cent, and perhaps as many as 40 per cent of our surviving medieval and transitional housing stock are the result of piecemeal enlargement and reconstruction. The former figure is likely to rise as more examples are recognized for what they are.

Parochialization and patterns of patronage in 11th-Century Sussex, by Neil S. Rushton, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.133-152) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The 11th century was a crucial period for the formation of the parochial system in England. The old minster parochial were being broken up and their rights encroached upon by an increasing number of new churches, which can be recognized as the parish churches of the later Middle Ages. A study of Anglo-Saxon law-codes, Domesday Book, charters, confirmations, and other documentary sources from Sussex is used to recreate the chronology of parochialization in the county and allow for an assessment of the effect of the Norman Conquest and the subsequent changing patterns of patronage on the parish system. The patronage of magnates, particularly Robert of Eu and William de Braose, is used as an example of how a change of aristocracy did, and did not, come into conflict with the previously established jurisdictional areas of the minsters. An interdisciplinary approach is vital: archaeological and architectural evidence is assessed in order to gain as full an understanding as possible about the extent to which the parochial system was changing in the 11th century. The topographical and socio-religious peculiarities of Sussex are taken into consideration; especially the Wealden coverage of large parts of the uplands and the relatively late conversion of the South Saxons to Christianity which may have stifled the development of the minster parochial in the first place. Although the county is treated as a discrete example of parochialization, the interpretations are applied to the rest of the country in order to make some useful generalizations

Driven to Rebellion? Sir John Lewknor, dynastic loyalty and debt, by Malcolm Mercer, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.153-160) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The events leading up to the death of Sir John Lewknor, fighting for the Lancastrians at the battle of Tewkesbury in 1471, are examined in detail. Two reasons are suggested for Lewknor's support: firstly, as a result of previous service ties to Henry VI and the royal affinity; secondly, as a consequence of increasingly desperate personal circumstances. Until the triumph in 1461 of the first Yorkist king, Edward IV, Lewknor had been building a successful career as a royal servant. His world then fell apart. Increasingly beset by financial difficulties as the decade wore on, his lands the subject of litigation, and unable to find even a modest role in Sussex affairs, Lewknor became steadily alienated from a regime which offered him no future. The crisis of the Yorkist monarchy at the end of the 1460s presented a way out of his problems. When Lancastrian rule was restored in 1470, Lewknor had an opportunity to rebuild his fortunes and re-establish a career in royal service. In the event, however, the regime crumbled and Lewknor, with little to lose, died fighting for the Lancastrians.

Alexander Nesbitt, a Sussex Antiquary, and the Oldlands Estate, by Janet H. Stevenson, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.161-174) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

In 1931 Sir Bernard Eckstein, Bt, proposed to enlarge the east end of Christ Church, Fairwarp, as a memorial to his father Sir Frederick. Despite local enquiries and advertisements placed in The Times from 1 June to 3 June 1931, it proved impossible to trace the representatives of Alexander Nesbitt to seek their permission to alter the position of the east window, which was dedicated to his memory. Thus, in the space of 30 years, the Nesbitts, for whom Oldlands Hall in Buxted had been built, and who had been instrumental in the establishment of a school and church at Fairwarp, had been forgotten, their presence there for 30 years entirely obscured by the later occupation of the Ecksteins. This paper seeks to redress the balance and to recount the history of the Oldlands estate.

A Neolithic polished flint axe fragment from Hollingbury, by John Funnell, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, p.175) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

A Fieldwalking survey at Mill Lane, Clayton, West Sussex, by Christopher Butler, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, pp.175-181) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

A section through the moat bank at Bodiam Castle, by Simon Stevens, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, pp.182-183) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Archaeological work at the site of the Millennium Seed bank, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, by Simon Stevens, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, pp.183-187) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Morris Reredoses at St John the Baptist Church, Findon, and the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Clapham, West Sussex, by Tessa Kelly, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, pp.187-190) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Demolition of Yapton House, by Timothy P. Hudson, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, shorter article, p.190) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Marking time and making space: excavations and landscape studies at the Caburn Hillfort, East Sussex, 1996-98, by Peter L. Drewett and Sue Hamilton, published 1999 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 137, article, pp.7-38) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14439] & The Keep [LIB/500291] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Caburn dominates the lower Ouse valley in East Sussex. Its use and significance have waxed and waned but its unique dome shape against the skyline must have helped define peoples' sense of place throughout time. This article, based on the first three field seasons of the Society's project, examines the surfaces of the hill, the use of space on the hill and through time. In prehistory the Caburn may have been a special place, perhaps a sacred hill, while in post-Roman times its strategic location was utilized in times of threat.