Bibliography - History: {1066} - Battle of Hastings
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The Chronicle of Battel Abbey, from 1066 to 1176. Now first translated, with notes, and an abstract of the subsequent history of the establishment, by Mark Antony Lower, M.A., published 1851 (xii + 227 pp., London: John Russell Smith) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/503752] & British Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries   View Online

On the Battle of Hastings, by Mark Antony Lower, M.A., F.S.A., published 1853 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 6, article, pp.15-40) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2091] & The Keep [LIB/500225] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Essays on The Invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar; The Invasion of Britain by Plautius, and by Claudius Caesar; The Early Military Policy of the Romans in Britain; the Battle of Hastings. With Correspondence, by George Biddlee Airy, published 1865 (London: Nichols & Sons)

The Antiquities of Hastings and The Battlefield, by Thomas Holwell Cole, published 1867 (120 pp., St Leonards: Karl Burg) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The Antiquities of Hastings and The Battlefield with Maps and a Plan of the Battle, by Thomas Holwell Cole, published 1884 (new enlarged and revised edition,xiv & 238 pp., Hastings and St Leonards Philosophical Society) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries   View Online

The Battle of Hastings: Part I, by T. A. Archer, published January 1894 in The English Historical Review (vol. ix, issue xxxiii, article, pp.1-41, ISSN: 0013-8266)   View Online

The Battle of Hastings, by Kate Norgate, published January 1894 in English Historical Review (vol. 9, no. 33, article, pp.1-76)

The Battle of Hastings: Part II, by Kath Norgate, published January 1894 in The English Historical Review (vol. ix, issue xxxiii, article, pp.41-76, ISSN: 0013-8266)   View Online

Mr. Freeman and the Battle of Hastings, by J. H. Round, published April 1894 in The English Historical Review (vol. ix, issue xxxiv, article, pp.209-260, ISSN: 0013-8266)   View Online

Battles and Battlefields in England, by C. R. B. Barrett, published 1896 (London: A. D. Innes & Co.)   View Online

The Battle of Hastings, by J. H. Round, M.A., published 1899 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 42, article, pp.54-63) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2127] & The Keep [LIB/500260] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Battle of Hastings, by William A. Raper, published 1899 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 42, article, pp.64-72) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2127] & The Keep [LIB/500260] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Battle of Hastings, by Sir George F. Duckett, published 1899 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 42, article, pp.73-74) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2127] & The Keep [LIB/500260] & S.A.S. library   View Online

On Senlac Hill, by John Stafford, published 1902 in The Gentleman's Magazine (vol. 292, Jan to June, article, pp.179-190, London: Chatto & Windus)   View Online

Earl Roger de Montgomery and the Battle of Hastings, by Philip Mainwaring Johnston, published 1904 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 47, article, pp.109-117) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2132] & The Keep [LIB/500265] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Chant des Normands avant la bataille de Hastings, MLXVI., by John Travers, published 1905 (15 pp., Caen) accessible at: British Library

With a preface by Émile Travers, and musical notes.

The Battle Field of Hastings, by F. Baring, published January 1905 in The English Historical Review (vol. xx, issue lxxvii, article, pp.65-70, ISSN: 0013-8266)   View Online

The Malfosse at the Battle of Hastings, by F. H. Baring, published January 1907 in The English Historical Review (vol. xxii, issue lxxxv, article, pp.69-72, ISSN: 0013-8266)   View Online

Some Observations on the Battle of Hastings, by H. J. Matthews, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 2, article, pp.56-59) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

Notes on some events preceding the Battle of Hastings, by Edward Shoosmith, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 12, article, pp.549-550) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

The Field of Hastings, by Lt. Col. C. H. Lemmon, R.A., published 1957 (55 pp., London: Budd & Gillatt) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

This gives a clear acount of the Battle, very easy to follow. The author has carefully considered the roads and tracks then available, the lie of the land and the then configuration of the sea-coast. The notes (which merit careful study) are detached from the text so as not to mar its continuity. The author considers that Harold was not killed by the arrow in his eye but in the final hand-to-hand melee by a party of four Norman knights - is there not a tradition that he survived to become a monk of Waltham Abbey?

Where was Malfosse? the End of the Battle of Hastings, by C. T. Chevalier, published 1963 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 101, article, pp.1-14) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2186] & The Keep [LIB/500328] & S.A.S. library

The Norman Conquest: Its Setting and Impact, by Four commerative articles introduced by C. T. Chevallier, published 1966 (Battle & District Historical Society & printed at Eyre & Spottiswoode) accessible at: Battle & District Historical Society

This book is compiled by the Battle and District Historical Society to commemorate the ninth centenary of the Battle of Hastings and contains an Introduction by C. T. Chevallier and four Articles by Authorities:

• 1st on the Anglo-Saxon Achievement by Professor Dorothy Whitelock
• 2nd on Williams's Life and character by Professor David C. Douglas
• 3rd on the campaign of 1066 by Lt.-Col. Charles H. Lemmon;
• 4th on the effects of the Conquest by Professor Frank Barlow.

These are all of great interest and very readable but only the 3rd has any relation to archaeology. This is an account not only of the Battle (which is described in detail with regard to all the other often conflicting accounts) but gives details of the movements before the Battle and William's subsequent campaign through south-east England until the surrender of London. Great attention is paid to the topography and with the aid of clear maps the nature and events of the battle can be followed clearly.

Battle 1066, by Brigadier C. N. Barclay C.B.E., D.S.O., published 1 January 1966 (130 pp., Dent) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

1066: The story of a year, by Denis Butler, published 1 January 1966 (328 pp., Blond)

The Enigma of Hastings, by Edwin Tetlow, published 1974 (224 pp., Peter Owen, ISBN-10: 0720600030 & ISBN-13: 9780720600032) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The Normans and their world, by Jack Lindsay, published 8 July 1974 (ix + 530 pp., HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., ISBN-10: 0246105003 & ISBN-13: 9780246105004) accessible at: & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

1066: the Year of the Conquest, by David A. Howarth, published 1977 (207 pp., London: Collins, ISBN-10: 0002118459 & ISBN-13: 9780002118453) accessible at: & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Everyone knows 1066 as the date of the Norman invasion and conquest of England. But how many of us can place that event in the context of the entire dramatic year in which it took place? From the death of Edward the Confessor in early January to the Christmas coronation of Duke William of Normandy, there is an almost uncanny symmetry, as well as a relentlessly exciting surge, of events leading to and from Hastings.

1066: Year of Destiny, by Terence Wise, published 25 October 1979 (244 pp., Philips, ISBN-10: 0850453208 & ISBN-13: 9780850453201)

The Chronicle of Battle Abbey, by Eleanor Searle, published 8 May 1980 (372 pp., Oxford University Press, ISBN-10: 0198222386 & ISBN-13: 9780198222385) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/503748] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

1066: the Year of the Conquest, by David A. Howarth, published 27 August 1981 (reprint editiion, 207 pp., Penguin Books Ltd., ISBN-10: 0140058508 & ISBN-13: 9780140058505)

Everyone knows 1066 as the date of the Norman invasion and conquest of England. But how many of us can place that event in the context of the entire dramatic year in which it took place? From the death of Edward the Confessor in early January to the Christmas coronation of Duke William of Normandy, there is an almost uncanny symmetry, as well as a relentlessly exciting surge, of events leading to and from Hastings.

The Norman Conquest and Beyond, by Frank Barlow, published 1 July 1983 (328 pp., Hambledon Continuum, ISBN-10: 0907628192 & ISBN-13: 9780907628194)

Battle of Hastings and the Story of Battle Abbey, by Jonathan Coad and Andrew Boxer, published 1984 (32 pp., Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, ISBN-10: 1850740003 & ISBN-13: 9781850740001) accessible at: R.I.B.A. Library & East Sussex Libraries

Battle Abbey and the Battle of Hastings, by Plantagenet Somerset Fry, published 1 January 1984 (23 pp., Pitkin Pictorials, ISBN-10: 1850740046 & ISBN-13: 9781850740049)

A Brief Look at the Battle of Hastings - 14 October 1066, by A. P. S. de Redman, published September 1984 in Sussex Family Historian (vol. 6 no. 3, article, pp.101-105) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9788] & The Keep [LIB/501258] & CD SFH40 from S.F.H.G.

The Bayeux Tapestry: the Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest, by John Collingwood Bruce, published 1 August 1987 (reprint of 1856 edition, 166 pp. & 32 pp. of plates, London: Bracken Books, ISBN-10: 185170101X & ISBN-13: 9781851701018) accessible at: British Library

The Battle of Hastings: math, myth and melee, by Edd Wheeler, published July 1988 in Military Affairs (vol. 52, no. 3, article, pp.128-134)

1066, Origin of a Nation: Story of Battle, Sussex, by Michael Clint Phillips, published May 1989 (3rd revised edition, 48 pp., published by the author, ISBN-10: 0951665901 & ISBN-13: 9780951665909) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Hastings 1066: The fall of Saxon England, by Christopher Gravett, published 1992 (Osprey Publishing, ISBN-10: 1855326302 & ISBN-13: 9781855326309) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries

The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations, edited by Stephen Morillo, published 16 May 1996 (xxxii + 230 pp., Woodbridge : Boydell Press, ISBN-10: 0851156193 & ISBN-13: 9780851156194) accessible at: British Library & East Sussex Libraries

The Battle of Hastings is a unique collection of materials focused on one of the most significant battles in European history. It includes all the primary sources for the battle, including pictorial, and seminal accounts of the battle by the major historians of the last two centuries. Stephen Morillo, in his own important piece, first sets the scene, describing the political situation in western Europe in the mid-eleventh century, and the events of 1066. He then introduces the sources, reviewing the perspective of their medieval authors, and traces the history of writing about the battle. An important companion to the sources and interpretations is the set of original maps of the major stages of the battle, from first contact in the early morning of 14 October 1066 to final pursuit in the late evening darkness.

Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King, by Ian W. Walker, published 1997 (xxix + 258 pp., Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN-10: 0750913886 & ISBN-13: 9780750913881) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Harold Godwinsson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England, rose from relative obscurity to ascend the throne, and his death ushered in the Norman Conquest. This full length biography is a valuable resource for those interested in the Saxons or Normans.

The Death of Anglo-Saxon England, by N. J. Higham, published 20 November 1997 (256 pp., Sutton Publishing, ISBN-10: 0750908858 & ISBN-13: 9780750908856) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The Battle of Hastings 1066 and the story of Battle Abbey, by Plantagenet Somerset Fry, published 1 January 1998 (24 pp., English Heritage, ISBN-10: 1850741859 & ISBN-13: 9781850741855) accessible at: British Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The Battle of Hastings, by Jim Bradbury, published September 1998 (224 pp., Sutton Publishing, ISBN-10: 075091291X & ISBN-13: 9780750912914) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Battle of Hastings and the Story of Battle Abbey, by Jonathan Coad and Andrew Boxer, published 25 January 1999 (36 pp., English Heritage, ISBN-10: 1850746966 & ISBN-13: 9781850746966)

1066: The Year of The Three Battles, by Frank McLynn, published 5 November 1999 (xiv + 304 pp., London: Joathan Cape, ISBN-10: 0224050508 & ISBN-13: 9780224050500) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Everyone knows what William the Conqueror won the Battle of Hastings in 1066, but in recent years is has become customary to assume that the victory was virtually inevitable, given the alleged superiority of Norman military technology. In this new study, underpinned by biographical sketches of the great warriors who fought for the crown of England in 1066, Frank McLynn shows that this view is mistaken. The battle on Senlac Hill on 14 October was a desperately close-run thing, which Harold lost only because of an incredible run of bad fortune and some treachery from the Saxon elite in England. Both William and Harold were fine generals, but Harold was the more inspirational of the two.
Making use of all the latest scholarship, McLynn shows that most of our 'knowledge' of 1066 rests on myths or illusions: Harold did not fight at Hastings with the same army with which he had been victorious at Stamford Bridge three weeks earlier; the Battle of Senlac was not won by Norman archery; Harold did not die with an arrow in the eye. In overturning these myths, McLynn shows that the truth is even more astonishing than the legend. An original feature of the book is the space devoted to the career and achievements of Harald Hardrada, who usually appears in such narratives as the shadowy 'third man'. McLynn shows that he was probably the greatest warrior of the three and that he, in turn, lost a battle through unforeseen circumstances.

The Battle of Hastings, by Jim Bradbury, published 2000 (revised edition, 288 pp., The History Press, ISBN-10: 0750925000 & ISBN-13: 9780750925006) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Reconstructing the battle move by move, Jim Bradbury recounts the story of 1066, with a particular emphasis on the military background and covering topics including the armies, the campaigns preceding Hastings, battle tactics and the effects of the conquest. Battle plans and maps are also included.

Hastings 1066: The fall of Saxon England, by Christopher Gravett, published 25 September 2000 (revised edition, 99 pp., Osprey Publishing, ISBN-10: 1841761338 & ISBN-13: 9781841761336) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Osprey's Campaign title for the Battle of Hastings, which was fought on 14th October 1066 between Duke William of Normandy and Harold Godwinson, king of England, and which irrevocably changed the course of English history. William's victory ensured his accession to the English throne. Hastings was also decisive in another way: the horrendous casualties suffered by the English nobility both there and at the two earlier battles of Fulford and Stamford Bridge resulted in there being very few men influential enough to lead an English resistance once William had been crowned. William would survive long enough to successfully found a Norman dynasty of English kings.

Hastings 1066: Norman Cavalry and Saxon Infantry, by Thierry Leprevost and Georges Bernage, published 2002 (80 pp., France: Heimdal, Chateau de Damigny, ISBN-10: 2840481502 & ISBN-13: 9782840481508) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

October 14th 1066: Guillaume, Duke of Normandy lands in Sussex, crushes King Harold and the Saxon Army and claims the crown of England. This new book reconstructs in detail this great medieval military operation: precise accounts follow the action step-by-step from the initial landing in Pevensey Bay until final success on the field at Battle. The book is illustrated in colour throughout with the appropriate sequences from the Bayeux Tapestry, as well as location photographs from the historic sites today, archaeological documents from the 11th century. All of this allows the reader to understand fully and accurately the course of the military operation and weaponry used in 1066.

The Battle of Hastings 1066, by M. K. Lawson, published 1 October 2003 (304 pp., Tempus, ISBN-10: 0752426893 & ISBN-13: 9780752426891) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/503827] & East Sussex Libraries

1066 remains the most evocative date in English history, when Harold was defeated by William the Conqueror and England changed overnight from Saxon to Norman rule. It has long been believed that, according to the Bayeux Tapestry, Harold was shot in the eye by an arrow. M. K. Lawson argues that the tapestry was badly restored in the 19th century, and that we should not necessarily believe what we see. He goes to sources that depict the tapestry before that restoration and reveals some breathtaking insights which will revolutionize the way we view both the battle and the death of England's last Saxon king.

Road To Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England, by Paul Hill, published 18 March 2005 (240 pp., The History Press, ISBN-10: 0752433083 & ISBN-13: 9780752433080) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Exploring the events which led up to the battle of Hastings in 1066.

Harold II: The Doomed Saxon King, by Peter Rex, published 1 October 2005 (319 pp., History Press, ISBN-10: 0752435299 & ISBN-13: 9780752435299) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The first scholarly biography of the 'lost' Anglo-Saxon king of England. Harold Godwinson was king of England for less than a year and failed to defend England from William the Conqueror's invading Norman army in 1066, an army that wreaked havoc across the country and changed the political history of England forever. Indeed, 1066 was so critical a turning point that it marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon epoch. Harold II: The Last Saxon King is the first full-scale biography of England's 'lost king', an astute political operator who as Earl of Wessex won the affection of the English people and the death-bed nomination from Edward the Confessor (king of England 1041-1066) to succeed him. Peter Rex tells the story of the formidable warrior-king killed in battle in defence of his kingdom. The Battle of Hasting was a close-run battle that could have gone either way, England would be a very different place today had the fatal arrow missed Harold's eye.

How the Battle of Hastings was lost, by Max Sugar, MD, published 2006 in Mental health, religion & culture (9(2), article, pp.141-154)

Famous trauma victims: King Harold II, by William Eardley, published 1 April 2007 in Trauma (9(2), article, pp.131-137)

The Last English King: The Life of Harold II, by Peter Rex, published 2008 (reprint edition, 319 pp., History Press, ISBN-10: 0752445995 & ISBN-13: 9780752445991)

Harold Godwinson was king of England for less than a year and failed to defend England from William the Conqueror's invading Norman army in 1066, an army that wreaked havoc across the country and changed the political history of England forever. Indeed, 1066 was so critical a turning point that it marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon epoch. This is the first full-scale biography of England's "lost king," an astute political operator who as Earl of Wessex won the affection of the English people and the death-bed nomination from Edward the Confessor to succeed him. Peter Rex tells the story of the formidable warrior-king killed in battle in defense of his kingdom. The Battle of Hastings was a close-run battle that could have gone either way, and England would be a very different place today had the fatal arrow missed Harold's eye.

The Battle of Hastings: The Fall of Anglo-Saxon England, by Harriet Harvey Wood, published 1 November 2008 (240 pp., Atlantic Books, ISBN-10: 1843548070 & ISBN-13: 9781843548072) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The date of the battle of Hastings - 14 October 1066 - is probably the most famous in English history. This book brings to life the world of Harold the King and Duke William in a compelling narrative history that reads as vividly as if it had all happened yesterday. Harriet Harvey Wood's original and fascinating book shows that, rather than bringing culture and enlightenment to England, the Normans' aggressive and illegal invasion destroyed a long-established and highly-developed civilization which was far ahead of other European peoples in its political institutions, art and literature. It explores the background and lead-up to the invasion and the motives of the leading players, the state of warfare in England and Normandy in 1066, and the battle itself.By all the laws of probability, King Harold ought to have won the battle of Hastings without difficulty and to have enjoyed a peaceful and enlightened reign. That he did not was largely a matter of sheer bad luck. The result could just as easily have gone the other way. This gripping and highly-readable book shows how he came to be defeated, and what England lost as a result of his defeat and death.

Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King, by Ian W. Walker, published 1 April 2010 (352 pp., The History Press, ISBN-10: 0750937637 & ISBN-13: 9780750937634) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries

King Harold Godwineson (c.1022-66) is one of history's shadowy figures, known mainly for his defeat and death at the Battle of Hastings. His true status and achievements have been overshadowed by the events of October 1066 and by the bias imposed by the Norman victory. In truth, he deserves to be recalled as one of England's greatest rulers. Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King sets out to correct this distorted image by presenting Harold's life in its proper context, offering the first full-length critical study of his career in the years leading up to 1066. This book should be read by everyone wanting to understand the events surrounding the Norman conquest.

1066: A New History of the Norman Conquest, by Peter Rex, published 15 April 2011 (302 pp., Amberley Publishing, ISBN-10: 1445603845 & ISBN-13: 9781445603841) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

A radical retelling of the most important event in English history - the Norman invasion of 1066. The Norman Conquest is the single most important event in English history. On this invasion and 'regime change' pivoted the second millennium of English history. This is well recognised, what is not is how long and hard the English people fought to deny William 'the Bastard', Duke of Normandy his prize. Rather than being the smooth transition peddled by pro-Norman historians, the Norman Conquest was a brutal and violent takeover by an army of occupation. Unknown thousands of rebellious thegns resisted the Norman regime, the most famous being Hereward, but there were plenty of willing collaborators among England's clergy, who pushed for William to be crowned king. In return he let them retain their sees and abbacies, as well as the vast tracts of land. Peter Rex tells the whole story of the Conquest of England by the Normans from its genesis in the deathbed decision of King Edward the Confessor in January 1066 to recommend Harold Godwinson as his successor, to the crushing of the last flickers of English resistance in June 1076.

?On the very spot?: in defence of Battle, by Roy Porter, published 2012 in English Heritage Historical Review (7(1), article, pp.4-17)

The Battle of Hastings 1066: The Uncomfortable Truth - revealing the true location of England's most famous battle, by John Grehan and Martin Mace, with a foreward by Dame Vera Lynn, O.B.E., D.B.E., published 29 October 2012 (192 pp., Pen and Sword Books, ISBN-10: 1848848277 & ISBN-13: 9781848848276) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The Battle of Hastings is the most defining event in English history. As such, its every detail has been analysed by scholars and interpreted by historians. Yet one of the most fundamental aspect of the battle - the place upon which it was fought - has never been seriously questioned, until now. Could it really be the case that for almost 1,000 years everyone has been studying the wrong location? In this in-depth study, the authors examine the early sources and the modern interpretations to unravel the compulsive evidence that historians have chosen to ignore because it does not fit the traditional view of where the battle was fought. Most importantly, the authors investigate the terrain of the battlefield and the archaeological data to reveal exactly where history was made.

The Battle Of Hastings, by Gillian Clements, published 13 March 2014 (14 pp., Franklin Watts, ISBN-10: 1445131595 & ISBN-13: 9781445131597) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The battle described for 6 to 11 year olds

The Antiquities of Hastings and The Battlefield with Maps and a Plan of the Battle, by Thomas Holwell Cole, published 27 September 2015 (classic reprint, 256 pp., Forgotten Books, ISBN-10: 133204218X & ISBN-13: 9781332042180)

This little Work owes its origin to a request made to the writer, on the occasion of the British Archæological Association holding their Congress at Hastings, that he would draw up some account of the Antiquities of the Town. As the writer grew interested in his subject, the unconnected descriptions of some of our antiquities became gradually woven into a continuous account of our ancient Port. The Paper was read before the Philosophical Society, and the Members and many other friends having expressed a wish that it should be printed, together. with a Paper on the Octo-Centenary of the Battle of Hastings, this Volume is the result.
In Part I., "On Hastings," the possibility of a Roman Origin is considered; an attempt has been made to fix the site of the Saxon Town, and the passage in Domesday relating to Hastings has been investigated with especial reference to the New Burg therein mentioned; also some data have been given for determining the grant of the Arms of the Cinque Ports.

1066 and the Battle of Hastings: Preludes, Events & Postscripts: Essays from the Battlefield, by Keith Foord and Neil Clephane-Cameron, published 30 September 2015 (208 pp., Battle & District Historical Society, ISBN-10: 1903099021 & ISBN-13: 9781903099025) accessible at: Battle & District Historical Society & East Sussex Libraries

Sussex historians Keith Foord and Neil Clephane Cameron analyse afresh the political factors which brought Harold and William to their epic encounter on 14 October 1066. Packed with facts, interpretation and illustration, the work contains many original new maps and diagrams of the medieval Sussex coastline.