Bibliography - Industry and work
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Historical and Archaeological Notices of the Iron Works of the County of Sussex, by Mark Antony Lower, published 1849 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 2, article, pp.169-246) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2087] & The Keep [LIB/500221] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Supplementary Notices of the Iron-Works of the County of Sussex, by Mark Antony Lower, published 1850 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 3, article, pp.240-248) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2088] & The Keep [LIB/500222] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Produce of and Supplies from Sussex, by William Durrant Cooper, F.S.A., published 1865 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 17, article, pp.115-127) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2102] & The Keep [LIB/500236] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Quaint Industries and Interesting Pales in Sussex from the 'Sussex Advertiser', by John Coker Egerton and Tom Cladpole, published 1882 (The Sussex Advertiser) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries

Quaint Industries and Interesting Places in Sussex, by Henry William Wolff, published 1882 (x + 82 pp., Lewes: Sussex Advertiser, 64 High Street) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Fuller Lib 84] & East Sussex Libraries

Sussex Industries, by Henry William Wolff, published 1883 (8 volumes , Sussex Advertiser)

Arrows, Horseshoes and Nails of Sussex Manufacture, by C. T. P. [Charles T. Phillips], published 1892 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 38, notes & queries, p.214) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2123] & The Keep [LIB/500256] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Some 17th and 18th Century Sussex Tradesmen's Accounts, by Unknown Author(s), published 1896 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 40, notes & queries, pp.274-277) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2125] & The Keep [LIB/500258] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Sussex Industries: No. 2, Cement Making, published 1902 (pamphlet, Sussex Portland Cement Company) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 4501]

A Forgotten Industry. Pottery at Ringmer, by William Martin, M.A., LL.D., published 1902 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 45, article, pp.128-138) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2130] & The Keep [LIB/500263] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Sussex Iron Work and Pottery, by Charles Dawson, published 1903 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 46, article, pp.1-62) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2131] & The Keep [LIB/500264] & S.A.S. library   View Online

The Victoria History of the County of Sussex, edited by William Page, F.S.A., published 1907 (vol. 2: Ecclesiastical, Maritime, Social and Economic History, Population 1801-1901, Industries, Agriculture, Forestry, Architecture, Schools and Sport, xv + 481 pp. (facsimile edition published 1973), London: Victoria County History, ISBN-10: 0712905863 & ISBN-13: 9780712905862) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2399][Lib 9097] & The Keep [LIB/500090][Lib/504899] & R.I.B.A. Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries   View Online

Private Printing Presses in Sussex, by A. Cecil Piper, published 1914 in The Library (vol.s3-v(17), article, pp.70-79) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7265]

Notes on the Introduction of Printing into Sussex up to the Year 1850; with a chronology of Sussex printers to that date, by A. Cecil Piper, published 1914 in The Library (vol.s3-v(19), article, pp.257-265) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8942]

The Historical Geography of the Wealden Iron Industry, by Mary Cecilia Delany, published 1921 (London: Benn Brothers Ltd.) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/502338] & West Sussex Libraries

A Short History of the Firm of Messrs James Longley & Co, by Charles J Longley, published 1923 (pamphlet, published by the author) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9547] & West Sussex Libraries

The Wheelwright's Shop, by George Sturt, published 1923 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8311] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Sussex Apprentices and Masters, 1710 to 1752, by Robert Garraway Rice, published 1924 (vol. 28, Sussex Record Society) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2244] & The Keep [LIB/500401]   View Online

A Short History of the Crawley and District Water Company, 1897-1926, by Charles J. Longley, published 1926 accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12263]

Work and Wages in the 16th Century , by W. D. Peckham, published February 1926 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. I no. 1, note, pp.18-19) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8950] & The Keep [LIB/500203] & S.A.S. library

Weaving Machinery at Muntham 1793 , by Rev W. Budgen, published August 1926 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. I no. 3, note, pp.88-90) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8950] & The Keep [LIB/500203] & S.A.S. library

Steyning Old Water-Mill. The Home of a New Industry, by R. Thurston Hopkins, published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 1, article, pp.36-37) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Pale Making: A Woodland Industry, by S.C.M. Contributor(s), published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 3, article, pp.118-120) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Sussex Industries, No 1. The Ronuk Works, Portslade, by Lady Kate, published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 6, article, pp.286-288) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Sussex Industries, No 2. A Visit to the "Fryco" Factories, by Lady Kate, published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 8, article, pp.382-384) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Sussex Industries No 3. Car Coachbuilding, by S.C.M. Contributor(s), published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 11, article, pp.503-504) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Sussex Industries No 4. A String Factory, by Tickner Edwardes, published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 12, article, pp.539-540) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Some Vestiges of Former Sussex Industries, by R. B. Matson, published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 13, article, pp.576-577) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Sussex Industries No 5. A Gypsum Mine, by A. R. Bellingham, F.R.G.S., published 1927 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. I no. 13, article, p.602) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2303][Lib 8326] & The Keep [LIB/500137]

Some Notes of the Ninfield and Battle Tanneries , by Admiral Bertram M. Chambers, C.B., published May 1927 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. I no. 6, article, pp.174-176) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8950] & The Keep [LIB/500203] & S.A.S. library

Forgotten Smelting Sites in East Sussex , by D. Macleod, published August 1927 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. I no. 7, note, pp.224-225) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8950] & The Keep [LIB/500203] & S.A.S. library

A Sussex Industry - Commercial Bee-keeping, by Rev. A. A. Evans, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 4, article, pp.171-173) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

A Sussex Industry - A Pedigree Poultry Farm, by S. Thornton Shaw, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 7, article, pp.336-338) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

A Sussex Industry: The Dolphin Soap Works, by Lady Kate, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 8, article, pp.378-379) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

The Story of Roman Sussex V - The Iron Industry, by S. E. Winbolt, M.A., published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 9, article, pp.397-400) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

Hurdle Making: A Rural Industry, by Owen Martin, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 11, article, pp.510-511) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

Sussex industries: Cook's, Fruit Growers and Jam Factors, by Lady Kate, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 11, article, pp.514-515) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

Sussex Industries: Albert Turner and Sons Ltd., Timber Merchants, by C. A. Kelly, published 1928 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. II no. 12, article, pp.588-589) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9327] & The Keep [LIB/500138]

A Sussex Stone Implement; and Primitive Rope Making , by Col. H. F. S. Ramsden, C.B.E., published November 1928 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. II no. 4, article, pp.102-105) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8951] & The Keep [LIB/500204] & S.A.S. library

The Foreign Trade of Sussex, 1300-1350, by R. A. Pelham, published 1929 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 70, article, pp.93-118) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2155] & The Keep [LIB/500359] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Industries: The Violet Nurseries, Henfield, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 1, article, pp.60-61) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

Sussex Industries: The Battle Steel Window Co., by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 3, article, pp.196-197) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

Sussex and the British Industries Fair, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 4, article, p.262) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

Sussex Industries: Hamilton's Ltd, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 5, article, pp.340-341) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

Sussex Industries: The Old Dicker Pottery, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 6, article, p.409) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

The Village Industries of East Hoathly, by Frederick Jones, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 7, article, pp.464-468) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Sussex Industries: The Cuckfield Brick Co., by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 7, article, pp.479-480) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Some Small Things of Sussex, by Barclay Wills, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 8, article, pp.531-534) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Sussex Industries: Shippam's Ltd, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 8, article, pp.583-584) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Sussex Industries: The Southdown Motor Services Ltd, by C. A. Kelly, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 9, article, pp.662-663) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Forgotten Trades Extant, by Frank Watts, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 12, article, p.878) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500140]

Where Pyecombe Crooks are made, by Beatrice Adams, published 1929 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. III no. 6, article, pp.375-376) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2307] & The Keep [LIB/500139]

A Sussex Stone Implement; and Primitive Rope Making , by H. F. S. R., published February 1929 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. II no. 5, note, pp.143-144) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8951] & The Keep [LIB/500204] & S.A.S. library

Some further aspects of Sussex Trade during the Fourteenth century, by R. A. Pelham, published 1930 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 71, article, pp.171-204) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2156] & The Keep [LIB/500358] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Industries: B & W Bennet Ltd, by C. A. Kelley, published 1930 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IV no. 1, article, p.88) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2308][Lib 2309] & The Keep [LIB/500172]

Sussex Industries: Messrs. McDougall's Ltd, by C. A. Kelley, published 1930 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IV no. 2, article, pp.168-169) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2308][Lib 2309] & The Keep [LIB/500172]

Sussex Industries: Craftsmanship, by C. A. Kelley, published 1930 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IV no. 3, article, p.259) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2308][Lib 2309] & The Keep [LIB/500172]

Hand-Weaving in Sussex, by Lydia Lidstone, published 1930 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IV no. 9, article, pp.806-807) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2308][Lib 2309] & The Keep [LIB/500173]

Some Sussex Gun Forges, by R. Thurston Hopkins, published 1930 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IV no. 12, article, pp.1030-1035) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2308][Lib 2309] & The Keep [LIB/500173]

English Trade in the Middle Ages, by L. F. Salzman, M.A., F.S.A., published 1931 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press) accessible at: & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

This cannot be regarded as in any special sense a Sussex book, but its author, Mr. Salzman, has been so long and so prominently connected with the Sussex Archaeological Society and has rendered such conspicuous service as Honorary Editor of its Collections for more than twenty years, that a short notice will no doubt be welcome to many readers of S.N.Q.
Like Mr Salzman's previous works on English Life in the Middle Ages and English Industries of the Middle Ages, the book is full of interest both for the student and the general reader. It is packed from cover to cover with facts and apt examples, and is scholarly and learned without being in the least dull. No theories are propounded and no arguments are put forward, and it is clear that Mr. Salzman does not write to bolster up any preconceived ideas. But every now and then he permits himself a shrewd dig at some ancient or modern foible or some pretentious dogma.
Sussex sources are naturally quoted here and there. Thus we learn from a footnote on p.193 that in 1343 the rector of St. John-sub-Castro, Lewes, belonged to a gang of robbers. The references to the wool trade and the comparative figures given on p.224 and also on p.307 show that relatively speaking the wool trade of Sussex was not of great importance.
Perhaps most interesting of all to Sussex readers are the details as to the extent of maritime trade in the Middle Ages. Mr. Salzman has unearthed some returns relating to Winchelsea which set out the port dues collected from 1267 to 1272 (see pp.215-6 and 355). During the period ships came to Winchelsea from English ports such as Chichester, Shoreham, Dartmouth, Teignmouth, Yarmouth, and Dunwich; from French ports like Rouen, Harfleur, Dieppe, Treport, Eu, Abbeville, Boulogne and Calais; from Damme, Gravelines the Swyne and Middelburgh in the Low Countries; and even from Ardales, Fuenterrabia and San Sebastian in Spain. It is perhaps not too much to hope that Mr. Salzman will give Sussex readers further extracts from these Winchelsea records.

The Hard Fate of the Country Saddler, by William Albery, published 1931 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. V no. 3, article, pp.167-172) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2310] & The Keep [LIB/500174]

Petworth Press 120 Years Ago, by Alan H. Bryant, published 1931 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. V no. 12, article, pp.785-786) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2310] & The Keep [LIB/500174]

Opal Glass: Boric and Lead Oxides in Early Glass , by Wyndham E. Hulme, published May 1931 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. III no. 6, article, pp.175-179) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8952][Lib 8221] & The Keep [LIB/500205] & S.A.S. library

The Dying Craft of Charcoal Burning, by Rev. F. W. Cobb, published 1932 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VI no. 5, article, pp.306-308) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9325] & The Keep [LIB/500175]

A Sussex Cricket Bat Factory, by H. G. Beddington, published 1932 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VI no. 6, article, pp.390-392) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9325] & The Keep [LIB/500175]

Sussex Stone, by N. Catchpole, F.R.H.S., published 1932 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VI no. 7, article, pp.436-437) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9325] & The Keep [LIB/500175]

Silver Fox Farming Co-operation in Sussex, by S.C.M. Contributor(s), published 1932 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VI no. 7, article, pp.465-467) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9325] & The Keep [LIB/500175]

The Mouse-Trap maker of Selsey, by J. C. Bristow-Noble, published 1932 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VI no. 8, article, pp.498-499) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9325] & The Keep [LIB/500175]

The Distribution of Wool Merchants in Sussex c1330 , by R. A. Pelham, published November 1932 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. IV no. 4, article, pp.67-70) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2203][Lib 8222][Lib 8861] & The Keep [LIB/500206] & S.A.S. library

The Bognor Gas and Electricity Company: a short history, by Wallace W. Hammond, published c.1933 (pamphlet) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12111]

The Ashburnham Iron Works, by B. H. Lucas, published 1933 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VII no. 2, article, pp.81-85) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2312] & The Keep [LIB/500176]

Hand Printing in Susses, by James Guthrie, published 1933 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VII no. 2, article, pp.106-108) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2312] & The Keep [LIB/500176]

The Sugar Beet Industry in Sussex, by late H. T. Webster Worrell, published 1933 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VII no. 6, article, pp.406-407) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2312] & The Keep [LIB/500176]

A Maker of Bavins, by H. G. Beddington, published 1933 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. VII no. 11, article, pp.714-715) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2312] & The Keep [LIB/500176]

A Sussex Merchant in London [Gybon Maufeld], by L. F. Salzman, F.S.A., published August 1933 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. IV no. 7, article, pp.193-195) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2203][Lib 8222][Lib 8861] & The Keep [LIB/500206] & S.A.S. library

Bell-Founders in Sussex, by F. C. Smale, published 1935 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IX no. 1, article, pp.16-18) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9330] & The Keep [LIB/500179]

John Every of Lewes: The Story of the Phoenix Iron Works, by S.C.M. Contributor(s), published 1935 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IX no. 11, article, pp.722-724) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9330] & The Keep [LIB/500180]

"Service First" being a Lewes Story of Business Progress, by S.C.M. Contributor(s), published 1935 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. IX no. 12, article, pp.795-797) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9330] & The Keep [LIB/500180]

Officers of the Staple at Chichester, by L. F. Salzman, F.S.A., published May 1935 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. V no. 6, article, pp.163-165) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2204][Lib 8223][Lib 8862] & The Keep [LIB/500207] & S.A.S. library

The Gypsum Mine at Mountfield, by Charles F. Callow, F.R.I.B.A, published 1936 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. X no. 7, article, pp.478-483) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2315][Lib 9331] & The Keep [LIB/500181]

The Sussex Trug, by Maud Garrington, published 1936 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. X no. 9, article, pp.604-605) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2315][Lib 9331] & The Keep [LIB/500181]

A Sussex Industry: Traditions of a Brighton Firm [H. J. Green & Co.], by E. F. Taylor, published 1937 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XI no. 7, article, pp.467-470) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2316][Lib 9332] & The Keep [LIB/500182]

The Wool Trade of Chichester, 1377-1380, by R. A. Pelham, M.A., Ph. D., published August 1937 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. VI no. 7, article, pp.201-204) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12537][Lib 8863][Lib 8224] & The Keep [LIB/500208] & S.A.S. library

Shipwrights on the Ouse (ref: pp.157-8), by Laurence F. Field, published November 1937 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. VI no. 8, reply, pp.252-253) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12537][Lib 8863][Lib 8224] & The Keep [LIB/500208] & S.A.S. library

Brighton's Co-Operative Advance 1828 to 1938: The Jubilee History of the Brighton Equitable Co-Operative Society, by W. Henry Brown, published 1938 (Manchester: The Co-Operative Union) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7368] & The Keep [LIB/503765]

A Famous Firm of Sussex Shipowners: The Story of the Robinsons of Littlehampton, by A. W. Robinson, published 1938 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XII no. 1, article, pp.30-32; no. 2, pp.91-95) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2317] & The Keep [LIB/500183]

The Men who Killed the Sussex Iron Industry, by Admiral Chambers, C.B., published 1938 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XII no. 2, article, pp.109-114) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2317] & The Keep [LIB/500183]

The Stripping of the Oak, by Horace Beddington, published 1938 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XII no. 6, article, pp.357-359) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2317] & The Keep [LIB/500183]

A Walking-Stick Factory, by J. P. R. Postlethwaite, C.B.E., published 1938 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XII no. 10, article, pp.638-640) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2317] & The Keep [LIB/500183]

A Fallen Industry: Bricks, Tiles and Drainpipes of Seventy Years Ago, by James White, published 1938 in Sussex County Magazine (vol. XII no. 12, article, pp.796-803) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2317] & The Keep [LIB/500183]

Surface problems in the search for oil in Sussex, by J. W. Reeves, M.Sc., published 1948 in The Proceedings of the Geologists' Association London (no. 59 issue 4, article, pp.234-269) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 4700]   View Online

A search for oil resolves itself ultimately into a geological survey, but one where the controlling factor is of commercial rather than academic interest. This gives to it a difference, not so much of method or design, but rather of emphasis. The predominant concern of the oil geologist is a successfully producing oil well, the drilling of which is noted by his Company in 'cost per foot.' It is upon results in drilling that he will be judged and his value assessed. He tends to think, therefore, in three dimensions rather than in two, and measurements, in structure and thickness, assume a greater significance than is usual. His search is for facts, rather than opinions, and for detailed measurements on which he can base reasonably accurate forecasts. The drawing of sections enters largely into his scheme of things, for they will be the principal aid to the drilling department. From them he tries to indicate the presence of water, oil or gas shows, the occurrence of soft beds which may cause caving and, more particularly, the position of beds hard enough and thick enough to 'carry strings of casing.' Generally it is on such matters that his advice will be needed and consequently it is on them that his mind is directed in the field, although, naturally, he will find much of academic interest.

History of the Chichester Needles, by E. Wyndham Hulme, published May 1949 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XII no. 6 & 7, article, pp.124-128) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8230] & The Keep [LIB/500214] & S.A.S. library

C Shippam Ltd, Chichester, Sussex, published c.1950 (pamphlet, C. Shippam Ltd) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 11683]

Forestry and the Timber Trade in Sussex, 1560-1640, by Julian Cornwall, M.A., published May 1955 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XIV nos. 5 & 6, article, pp.85-91) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8232][Lib 2213] & The Keep [LIB/500216] & S.A.S. library

Forestry in Sussex, by Julian Cornwall, published November 1955 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XIV nos. 7 & 8, note, pp.132-133) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8232][Lib 2213] & The Keep [LIB/500216] & S.A.S. library

Industry in West Sussex, by Jean Garratt, published 1959 (64 pp., London: Hamilton-Deeley Advertising) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries

Bee Boles, by J. Harding, published November 1959 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XV no. 4, article, pp.120-122) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8233] & The Keep [LIB/500217] & S.A.S. library

Industry in Sussex, by Jean Garratt, published 1960 (64 pp., London: Hamilton-Deeley Advertising) accessible at: British Library & East Sussex Libraries

Some Chichester Tradesmen: 1652-1839, by Francis W. Steer, F.S.A., published 1960 (Chichester Papers no. 17, booklet, Chichester City Council) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 17220][Lib 16240/7] & West Sussex Libraries

Lewes Tradesmen in 1340, by L. F. Salzman, published November 1961 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XV no. 8, note, pp.269-270) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8233] & The Keep [LIB/500217] & S.A.S. library

Pipemakers of Lewes in the 18th and 19th Centuries, by W. K. Rector, published May 1962 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XV no. 9, article, pp.315-317) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8233][Lib 2982] & The Keep [LIB/500217] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Clay Pipes and Pipe Makers, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1964 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 3, article, pp.73-81) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes, by D. R. Atkinson, published November 1964 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 4, article, pp.125-128) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Pipemakers, by F. Bentham Stevens, published November 1964 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 4, note, pp.132-133) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

Clay Pipes made at Lewes, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1965 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 5, note, pp.170-172) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

The growth of manufacturing in the Brighton conurbation, 1901-1963, by B. Thompson, 1966 at Sussex University (M.Phil. Thesis)

Further Notes on Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes and Pipemakers, by D. R. Atkinson, published November 1966 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 8, article, pp.272-276) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

Linch and its Iron Resources, by Louise Cochrane, published 1967 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 105, article, pp.37-48) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2190] & The Keep [LIB/500324] & S.A.S. library

Further Notes on Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes and Pipemakers, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1967 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVI no. 9, article, pp.312-317) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8234] & The Keep [LIB/500218] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Pipes and Pipemakers, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1968 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVII no. 1, article, pp.11-14) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8235] & The Keep [LIB/500219] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Pipes and Pipemakers, by L. F. Salzman, published November 1968 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVII no. 2, note, p.61) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8235] & The Keep [LIB/500219] & S.A.S. library

Brighton's manufacturing industry, by B. Thompson, published April 1969 in Geography (vol. 54, no. 2, article, pp.181-185, Geographical Association)   View Online

Sussex Pipemakers, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1969 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVII no. 3, note, pp.104-105) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8235] & The Keep [LIB/500219] & S.A.S. library

The location of manufacturing industry in five counties of South East England, with special reference to the period 1960-1968, by D. Haslam, 1970 at London School of Economics (Ph.D. thesis)

Clay Tobacco Pipemakers of Chichester, by D. R. Atkinson, published May 1970 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVII no. 5, article, pp.158-161) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8235] & The Keep [LIB/500219] & S.A.S. library

Early Brick-Making in Sussex, by Margaret Holt, published May 1970 in Sussex Notes & Queries (vol. XVII no. 5, article, pp.164-165) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8235] & The Keep [LIB/500219] & S.A.S. library

The Ashburnham Estate Brickworks 1840-1968, by Kim Leslie, published December 1970 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 1, article, pp.2-22) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/1] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

The Ashburnham Estate brickworks, which ceased production in November 1968, is situated a quarter mile NW. of Ashburnham Forge, (National Grid reference TQ684161), the property, until July 1970, of the Reverend J.D. Bickersteth, a great grandson of the fourth Earl of Ashburnham. The Ashburnham estate also formerly owned works for two other important extractive industries. In 1808 the Reverend Arthur Young noted that the limestone mine and works in Dallington Forest achieved for the second Earl the distinction of being 'the greatest lime-burner in all the kingdom'. Better known is that the family had its own iron workings, the Ashburnham furnace and forge being the last of the Wealden iron works to operate in the early nineteenth century. The factor shared by these three estate industries is that they were all based on wood fuel.
Although on a more limited scale of production than either of the other two works, the brickworks possessed some outstanding features. In Sussex it was the last of the small rural works of its type to operate, probably being one of the most primitive commercial undertakings to survive in the county into the 1960s. Even in the country as a whole it was a survival of a method of production rarely, if ever, seen today. Brickmaking was by hand, by methods that have been passed from generation to generation. Perhaps more unusual than this was that the bricks were burnt in an open kiln fired with wood. Until 1961, when tiles were last made at the yard, a pug mill for grinding the clay was driven by a horse. This mill is the last recorded instance of a stationary horse engine (a horse gin) to have worked in Sussex. In other words, until its recent closure, the Ashburnharn brickworks continued to demonstrate the state of brickmaking as it was before the brickmaking revolution of the nineteenth century. Indeed the methods and equipment employed at Ashburnham have remarkable resemblances to those evident in some of the earliest known illustrations and descriptions of the industry.

Register of Manufacturers and Services centred on Chichester, published 1971 (pamphlet, Chichester District Export Council) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9738]

Hastings and St. Leonards waterworks, 1830-1970, by George D. Coleman, published 1971 (117 pp., Borough of Hastings Water Committee) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506141] & East Sussex Libraries

Dolphin Motors of Shoreham, by Michael Worthington-William, published June 1971 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 2, article, pp.2-22) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/2] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

"In accordance with your instructions I yesterday visited your Works at The Old Shipyard, Shoreham, in order to examine your manufacture and methods of production.
The engine you are producing, so far as I was able to judge, is decidedly efficient, and without doubt a very cheap article to produce.
The other branches of your business are all running on satisfactory lines, and I have no doubt will pay very well in the future, when a sufficient market is obtained for their products.
Your methods of workshop management are exceedingly good and there is nothing to criticise in the class of material you are using.
Taking the whole circumstances into consideration, I am of the opinion that, given sufficient capital to get your products on the market, there is no reason why your business should not be a decided commercial success."
Thus ran the optimistic report dated 5 October 1909 from H.W. Bamber, M.I.M.E, consulting engineer, and commissioned by Michael Sassoon of the Two Stroke Engine Co. Ltd. Within a few weeks the company was moribund. To understand this apparently paradoxical state of affairs, it is necessary to examine both the history of the firm and those concerned with it, and the general atmosphere of motor manufacturing into which it was precipitated, perhaps prematurely, by its enthusiastic young sponsors.

Lime Kilns in Central Sussex, by Margaret Holt, published June 1971 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 2, article, pp.23-30) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/2] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

The Downland escarpment from Washington to Glynde contains an almost continuous line of chalk pits; some of them are still worked commercially, some were so worked during the nineteenth century, and many tiny sites were used exclusively by the farmers who owned or leased the adjoining land. Chalk is a form of the mineral calcite, consisting of calcium carbonate which, when burnt in a kiln, parts with its carbon dioxide and becomes quicklime (calcium dioxide); if water is then added it converts to slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), and it is this resultant product which is used in making mortar and cement, and as a fertilizer to restore calcium to the soil. Lime burning was carried on in conjunction with these chalk pits, and the kilns were usually set back into the sides of the Downs in order that the raw material could be easily and economically handled. Unfortunately, a great number of these kilns has been filled in, but there are, nevertheless, some which are still intact, and traces of many others. This short survey of pits and kilns has been undertaken to discover in what way, if any, the Downland kilns differ from those within the Weald, to which chalk was transported for burning. The area surveyed was chosen simply for ease of access, and the sites were initially located from the first edition of the 25 inch Ordnance Survey maps of 1875.

Kingston Malthouse, 1844-1971, by Adrian Barritt, published December 1971 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 3, article, pp.20-28) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/3] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

Malting once took place on a fairly moderate scale in Sussex, but the industry has now left the county. Our last active malthouse closed in 1969, and was recently demolished to clear the way for a new road. It stood in the parish of Kingston-by-Sea, on the north side of the A259 road and to the west of Shoreham lifeboat station. Whilst at work, the malthouse was a living example of a very ancient process, but its closure was attended with little public interest. The traditional malting method is vanishing fast and at the same time many fine malthouse buildings are being demolished without the outcry that accompanies the disappearance of more glamorous industrial monuments. Malting is an important part of the brewing industry, and it is the aim of the present article to introduce the craft generally and provide a record of the process as it took place at Kingston.

A New List of Sussex Pipemakers, by D. R. Atkinson, published 1972 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 110, article, pp.37-43) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 2195] & The Keep [LIB/500319] & S.A.S. library

Sussex Industrial Archaeology: A Field Guide, compiled by John Hoare and John Upton, published June 1972 (No. 4, Sussex Industrial History) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/4] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

Sussex is not noted for its industrial archaeology. However, there are many interesting physical remains associated with the economic life of the county at different periods. This list attempts to record a selection of them in a clear fashion. It is by no means exhaustive but seeks to point out objects of interest in each category. Certain possible themes have been omitted owing to pressure upon space.
Although selection has born in mind accessibility many of the listed buildings and objects are private property. The exterior can generally be viewed from a public road and path. Please respect this privacy.
Some of the listed structures are in danger of demolition. Please do not blame the authors if (like them) you visit a site of some significance and find a pile of rubble. If this booklet succeeds in creating interest and helps to develop informed opinion so that these remains are treated with more sympathy, it will have served its purpose.
Objects in museums have been deliberately omitted but the existence of the Open Air Museum at Singleton (SU 875127) cannot pass unnoticed. The blacksmith's shop from Southwater, the donkey-wheel from Catherington, Hants., and the weather-boarded toll-house of 1807 from Upper Beeding are all fine survivals. Among items awaiting erection are two horse-gin houses from farms at Binsted and North Bersted in West Sussex.

Civil engineering in Sussex around 1800, and the career of Cater Rand, by John H. Farrant, published 1973 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 6, article, pp.2-14) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/6] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

When its history can be adequately written, Sussex will be seen to have undergone great changes in the last quarter of the 18th and the first years of the 19th century. For example, population was growing fast; the coastal towns and villages adopted as watering places were 'booming'; in agriculture, the arable acreage, especially of wheat, rose in response to the enlarged local and national market; and coal, that symbol of the Industrial Revolution, was widely substituted for indigenous fuels. A major contribution to the infrastructure which supported these changes was made by engineering works - indeed of substantial works which existed in Sussex when the first steam railway (from London to Brighton and Shoreham) was started in 1837, the great majority had been effected in the previous 60 years. All the river navigations and canals (bar 16th-century improvements on the Arun) were built between 1785 (the Arun to Newbridge) and 1827 (the Adur to Baybridge), while improvements were made in the drainage of many of the levels (or low lands bordering the rivers). Major works were effected on Shoreham and Rye harbours, while additions and alterations were made to piers built in the 1730s at the other two estuarine harbours of the county, Littlehampton and Newhaven. Brighton Chain Pier, to encourage the cross-Channel packet traffic, was built in 1822-3. Turnpike roads there were in some number by 1780, but the following decades saw a substantial increase in mileage and, after 1800, an improvement in quality. The building and maintenance of bridges by the county justices advanced apace, while bridges near the mouths of the Adur and Ouse were built under local Acts. Public gas works appeared in the second decade of the 19th century. And numerous other schemes never went beyond the drawing boards (or fertile minds) of engineers, amateur and professional.
Engineers were thus a key group in advancing economic development. The stimulus for this article was the frequency with which the name of Cater Rand occurred in connection with engineering projects in East Sussex between 1775 and 1825, but its justification lies more in the absence of published research on local civil engineers in Sussex or elsewhere. So if a minor figure is perhaps accorded over-generous treatment, it is in the attempt to begin building up a general picture and to stimulate further research; and if the sum total of works completed to his plans or under his direction was small, the projects with which he was involved provide a cross-section of the types of engineering work, with the exception of roads, contemplated or executed in Sussex around 1800. By way of introduction, Section 1 briefly discusses the backgrounds of the engineers responsible for that work.

Ralph Hogge's Ironworks Accounts, 1576-81, by David Crossley, published 1974 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 112, article, pp.48-79) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 5960] & The Keep [LIB/500317] & S.A.S. library

Philip Henslowe's notebook, recording his financial involvements with theatrical companies in the early 17th century, was deposited by his stepdaughter in the library of Dulwich College, founded by her husband Edward Alleyn. This MS book has long been familiar to theatre historians, but until recently no one interested in Wealden ironworks appears to have known, or been informed that at the back were some accounts of Ralph Hogge the famous Buxted ironmaster. He had married Philip Henslowe's sister Margaret, and John Henslowe, another brother kept his accounts.
The accounts are unfortunately very incomplete but they do throw a little more light on this rather mysterious and almost mythical local character. Their incompleteness makes them almost useless to calculate the economics of his famous cannon casting business, but they do suggest the scale of his enterprises and the names, activities, and working methods, of the sub-contractors, who made, cut, dug, and carted his raw materials.
The author has written a masterly introduction to the Accounts and all that they reveal. Many members of W.I.R.G., as members also of Sussex Archaeological Society, will have received copies of this article. For others it is available in public libraries.

An Abandoned Medieval Industrial Site at Parrock, Hartfield, by Charles Frederick Tebbutt, published 1975 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 113, article, pp.146-150) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 6177] & The Keep [LIB/500316] & S.A.S. library

The Seaboard Trade of Sussex, 1720-1845, by John H. Farrant, published 1976 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 114, article, pp.97-120) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 6476] & The Keep [LIB/500315] & S.A.S. library

Old Weights and Measures, by Wilfrid Beswick, published 1976 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 7, article, pp.21-22) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/7] & The Keep [LIB/506524]   Download PDF

Research into past Sussex industries frequently throws up weights and measures which are troublesome to align with modern units. The records of the Sussex iron industry are particularly confusing in this respect. These notes are intended to provide conversion factors where it has been found possible to check them with reasonable accuracy.

Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes and the Pipemakers, by David R. Atkinson, published 1977 (pamphlet, 60 pp., Eastbourne: Crain Services) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 6439] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Industry in East Sussex, 1978, by East Sussex County Planning Department, published 1978 (79 pp., Lewes: Southover House, Southover Rd, Lewes) accessible at: British Library

The Batsford Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of South-East England, by A. J. Haselfoot, published 1978 (153 pp., London: B. T. Batsford, ISBN-10: 0713415614 & ISBN-13: 9780713415612) accessible at: R.I.B.A. Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

A. J. Haselfoot in his 'Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of South-East England' has succeeded in producing a book which will appeal to practically everyone no matter what their level of interest in the subject. The past few years have seen a steady growth in public support for industrial archaeology and a book of this nature had been long overdue. This is a book to dip into, for no one can fail to find something of fascination amongst the 573 sites described or in the 65 photographs it contains. John Haselfoot has visited the majority of these sites personally during the course of his researches, and this intimate contact with his subject shows strongly in the text. Let us hope that this book will go someway towards alerting public opinion to the importance of industrial monuments as part of our heritage and stimulate further research and interest in the subject. If there is to be a criticism, then it must be of the book's somewhat high price, which might have the unfortunate effect of deterring the more general reader.

Mid Sussex Water Company Pipelines, by Charles Frederick Tebbutt, published 1978 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 116, shorter notice, pp.402-404) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7197] & The Keep [LIB/500313] & S.A.S. library

Industries in the District of Horsham, published 1979 (pamphlet, Horsham District Council) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7245]

Chalk Pits Museum, Amberley, West Sussex, A Working Centre where the Industrial History of the South-East can be Studied and Preserved, by Fred Aldsworth, published 1979 (Southern Industrial History Centre Trust) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 10501] & West Sussex Libraries

The Brighton and Hove Engineerium, by Johnathan Minns, published 1979 in Studies in Design Education Craft and Technology (vol. 12, no. 1, article, pp.14-17)   View Online

Now called the British Engineerium. A museum of nineteenth century engineering exhibits. Several photographs.

The 1574 Lists of Wealden Ironworks, by C. S. Cattell, published 1979 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 117, article, pp.161-172) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7497] & The Keep [LIB/500312] & S.A.S. library

From Ox-cart to Steam Engine, by M. Beswick, published 1979 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 9, article, pp.23-27) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

In the summer of 1978 a member of the Society, Mr. H. W. Nightingale of Swanborough, discovered that a number of old tools including a woodworking lathe, were still in existence in the wheelwright's shop above the forge of C. Dean & Son at Rodmell. A visit was arranged, in the course of which we were shown two old ledgers which had been preserved, and Mr. Frank Dean, the present owner, kindly allowed me to borrow these for more detailed study.
They cover a period of five years from 1878 to 1883 and embrace a remarkably wide range of activities, as the wheelwright undertook not only the making of waggons and carts and repairs to these and other agricultural implements, but also the erection of farm buildings, gates and fences, domestic carpentry, house-painting, brick-laying and plumbing. In the winter of 1881 he even sent men to remove snow from the gutters of houses and farm buildings and, on one occasion, arranged for chimneys to be swept. He also repaired the fabric and furniture of the local churches and schools and made coffins and acted as undertaker.

Lime burning and the Amberley Chalk Pits: A history, by Fred Aldsworth, published 1 January 1979 (pamphlet, 40 pp., Chichester: West Sussex County Council, ISBN-10: 090080033X & ISBN-13: 9780900800337) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7264] & British Library & East Sussex Libraries

Burgess Hill Brickworks and Potteries, by Frederic M. Avery, published September 1979 in Sussex Genealogist and Family Historian (vol. 1 no. 2, article, pp.40-47) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 17603] & The Keep [LIB/501187] & CD SXGS from S.F.H.G.

Includes a genealogical table showing the connections between the Avery, Gravett and Norman families who were engaged in pottery and brickmaking in the area and in Clayton, Keymer, Ditchling, Chailey from 1812

Woodcolliers and Charcoal Burning, by Lyn Armstrong, published 1980 (96 pp., Horsham: Coach Publishing House Ltd. and Singleton: The Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, ISBN-10: 090525905X & ISBN-13: 9780905259055) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7407] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The book contains a surprising amount of information collected by its author during her detailed research on the subject. The introduction gives a review of the historical background of charcoal burning in England from the earliest days up to the 18th century; the main uses being as a fuel for the production and forging of iron and, after c 1300, for the manufacture of gunpowder. This is followed by two chapters on The Charcoal Burner's Life and Hut Building. Owing to the need for constant attention, day and night, to the burning kiln it was necessary for the burner to live practically next door to the kiln and the use of temporary huts was essential in an industry carried on in the depths of the forests. Illustrations of huts from different parts of the country are given together with descriptions of their construction. An attempt has also been made to estimate the relative affluence (or otherwise) of charcoal burners in the 16th and 17th centuries from the wills and inventories left by some of them. A few may have been able to employ other men to assist them. It is interesting to learn that Croydon was a great centre for charcoal burning in the 16th century, largely for supplying the house-holders of London and the local smithies. As a result it became notorious for its smoke, dirt and the toughness of its inhabitants.
Nearly half the booklet is taken up with a description of the kilns, their construction and operation. A long extract from a paper by John Evelyn in 1662 is complemented by the recollections of old retired charcoal burners at the present day. This chapter is very well illustrated with photographs of kilns in many parts of Britain as well as some in Europe and Africa, drawings of kilns and burners' tools by a retired burner, and some engravings from Evelyn's book 'Sylva' and from other sources showing European kilns. Evelyn states that charcoal was generally of three sorts; for iron production, for gunpowder manufacture, and for domestic use in London and at the Court.
An attempt is made to assess the yield and value from a kiln. This proves to be a very difficult matter and the main conclusion is that there was a wide variation between different regions and different periods. Short chapters follow on Modern Methods and the Uses of Charcoal and its By-products. The first mention of metal retorts for burning appears to be by Arthur Young in 1808 of an installation at Northchapel near Petworth and two drawings show a retort at the gunpowder factory at Faversham, Kent, at the end of the 18th century. A description of the erection and operation of a modern portable metal kiln, with drawings and photographs, is also given. Among the uses of charcoal at the present day its employment as a filter is second only to its use in various matalurgical processes and an Appendix by Dr. H. Frost, explains the way in which it works as a filter.
The book is very good value for the great wealth of information, both textual and illustrative, on a subject that was vitally important to the economy of Britain for many centuries. In a book of this sort, as all measurements must, perforce be given in Imperial Units and the old currency it would be helpful to readers of our young and future generations, who may be unfamiliar with the old units, to have included simple convertion tables.

Bricks & Tiles: A Village Industry, by M. Beswick, published 1980 (Warbleton and District History Group) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/503072]

Sussex Building Materials, published 1981 (pamphlet, Sussex Heritage Trust Society) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12616]

Mid Sussex Water Company 1881-1981, published 1981 (Mid Sussex Water Company) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7908]

The Picturemakers, by H. J. F. Thompson, published 1981 (Littlehampton Story no. 3, pamphlet, published by the author) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 7992] & West Sussex Libraries

Worthing Electricity Supply, 1893-1901, by Mrs M. L. Morris, published 1981 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 11, article, pp.25-34) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

In 1891 Worthing was made a Borough and one of the first tasks of the new Borough Council was to consider the possibility of an Electricity Supply for the town. Although street lighting was usually the chief application for early electricity supply systems, in Worthing the first suggested application happened to be for something totally different.

From Little Acorns: A History of the APV Company Limited [Crawley], by G. A. Dummett, published 1 November 1981 (247 pp., Ebury Press, ISBN-10: 009146370X & ISBN-13: 9780091463700) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 11922] & West Sussex Libraries

It was founded in 1910 as the Aluminium Plant & Vessel Company Limited, fabricating equipment for breweries and vegetable oil in Wandsworth. In the 1950s it moved to Crawley and expanded considerably, under the name A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Continuing expansion led to a works of 1600 employees under the name APV International, supplying equipment services to the dairy, food and chemical industries by 1984.

List of Occupants on the Main Industrial Estates in Mid Sussex, published 1982 (pamphlet, Mid Sussex District Council) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 8636]

Penfolds of Arundel: agricultural engineers, 1833-1983, by Frank Penfold, published 1983 (booklet) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 15621]

The People's Business: A History of Brighton Co-Operative Society, by Sir William Richardson, published 1983 (xiv + 293 pp., Brighton Co-Operative Society Ltd., ISBN-10: 0950961213 & ISBN-13: 9780950961217) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/502132][Lib/504685] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Longleys of Crawley: A Pictorial History of James Longley & Co, by Rhonda Smith, published 1983 (95 pp., James Longley & Co. Ltd., ISBN-10: 0950788007 & ISBN-13: 9780950788005) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12981] & West Sussex Libraries

Brick and Tilemaking on the Dicker in East Sussex, by M. Beswick, published 1983 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 13, article, pp.2-10) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

In the 18th and 19th centuries the manufacture of bricks and tiles expanded throughout Sussex, but on the Dicker Common, in the parishes of Chiddingly and Hellingly, this expansion amounted almost to an explosion. To discover the reason for this, two factors of particular importance must be considered: firstly, the suitability of the sub-soil, the Weald clay, and secondly, the fact that the area, being waste land, was not under cultivation and was therefore available for exploitation when the demand arose.

Worthing by Gaslight 1835-1901, by Marjorie L. Morris, published 1983 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 13, article, pp.26-32) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

The Royal signature on Worthing's Town Charter was barely two years dry, when in 1805 the first public demonstration of gas street lighting took place in Pall Mall, London, to mark the King's birthday. Developed by a Cornishman, William Murdock of Redruth, it was an immediate success and a company was formed at once to provide gas lighting on a commercial scale. By 1809 gas street lighting was an accepted way of life, providing illumination and safety in the streets after dark such had never been known before in the history of Western Europe. Towns and Companies competed with one another to cash in on the social and entrepreneurial advantages of the new illuminant.
But not Worthing . . . or, at least not at once!
The first Town Commissioners, whom the Charter had vested responsibility for providing street lighting, were not able so early in the growth of the Town, to get together a sum of money large enough to install street lighting as a major priority. Even after 14 years they could do no better than agree that the Town should have street lamps but the only way they could see to provide them would be to open a subscription fund. With the small amount of money donated a start was made on providing the Town with oil lamps, and for the next 12 years Worthing folk depended for the illumination of their night-time activities on an uneasy compromise between the full moon and the smokey glimmer of seal-oil lamps on the tops of wooden posts.
During the autumn of 1829, the Commissioners began to think about up-dating the street lighting and invited proposals for lighting the Town with gas. George White, a Worthing tinsmith came up with an acceptable proposal and the Commissioners gave him the job of preparing a specification for building a gas works and providing suitable street lamps.

History of St Pancras Engineering Works, Chichester, by J. G. Woodruff, M.I.E.E., F.I.Prod.E., published 1983 in Sussex Industrial History (No. 13, article, pp.32-35) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

When the Romans occupied parts of England they introduced industrial activities of many kinds based on experience going back for many centuries. These activities included founding in bronzes, brasses and also in iron. In the second century A.D. a rising tide of militant barbarous people began to overrun the Roman Empire from many directions and by the end of the third century the Roman Empire was fallen, resulting in a period known as the Dark Ages when there was a general decline in authority and organisation.
This unsettled state of affairs continued until the ninth century but at the beginning of the tenth century the cultural pattern in various countries slowly established a more ordered way of life. In England, founding, which had managed to survive throughout the Dark Ages, began to be conducted more systematically; the existing methods were, however, used and in the next five hundred years or so only details were improved. Furnace temperatures were increased by the use of water power for providing forced draught but charcoal was still the main fuel. New methods of making steel were developed including the melting of iron in open-hearth furnaces and puddling. In England the iron industry was centred mainly in the Wealds of Kent and Sussex where deposits of iron ore existed and timber for charcoal was plentiful.
By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries iron founding had developed rapidly and Sussex iron founding had become an industry of national importance. In the early sixteenth century the knowledge of steel making in the area enabled the production of steel needles to begin in Chichester and by the early seventeenth century almost the whole of the English production of such needles came from the Chichester needle makers.
The needle-making industry was based outside the walls of the old Roman city near the East Gate in the Parish of St. Pancras and was largely carried out in the needle-makers' dwellings. In the middle of the seventeenth century, however, a body of Parliamentarians headed by Sir William Walker besieged the area, occupied the Church and sacked the buildings in the parish. The industry was thus severely hit and with strong competition from the north, where steel was then being made and needles supplied very cheaply (although of poorer quality), the Chichester needle making industry slowly declined in common with its iron founding activities. By 1797 the Universal British Directory published by Peter Barfoot and John Wilkes stated that "manufacturing in Chichester was negligible although there had been a considerable manufactory of needles here, which were very much esteemed, but it has now dwindled almost to nothing". Remnants of the iron founding industry undoubtedly continued in the area and the first sign of the 'rekindling' of the iron foundry furnaces appeared shortly after 1798.

Ice Houses and the Commercial Ice Trade in Brighton, by R. G. Martin, published 1984 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 14, article, pp.18-24) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

In Britain the practice of storing ice in specially constructed chambers was started in the 17th century and continued up to the early 20th century. At first ice was collected exclusively from local ponds and lakes and was placed in the private Ice Houses of large estates where, if properly insulated, it would last the year through. These Ice Houses were usually built partly or wholly below ground, typically with a cylindrical pit of about 3 metres in diameter and 6 metres deep with a domed top. An entrance passage, horizontal or with steps leading down was often used for access and occasionally a Loading shaft through the top. Materials used were usually brick but other local materials such as clunch, sandstone and flint rubble were also used. An Ice House of a much larger character at Petworth House was described in Sussex Industrial History No. 13, (1983), pp. 15 - 21 by the author. The expressions 'Ice Well' and 'Ice House' are synonymous.

Mining and Subterranean Quarrying in Sussex, by Paul W. Sowan, published 1984 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 14, article, pp.25-39) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

Sussex has some of the country's oldest underground mineral workings, for flint, as well as two of the south-eastern counties' remaining active mines - those for gypsum at Brightling and Mountfield. There have been others whose existence is witnessed by scattered mentions in the literature, and it seems more than likely there are others again, waiting to be found. In the last few years elsewhere in the south-eastern counties unrecorded mines (some worked as recently as earlier this century) have been discovered in Berkshire, Hertfordshire, Kent, Middlesex and Surrey.
The purpose of this article is to summarise what little is on record concerning subterranean mineral workings in Sussex, in the hope that this will encourage others to take up fieldwork and detailed research. A wide range of kinds of source material is cited here to illustrate some of the seams of information which may be worked. These seams are by no means all exhausted. Obscure, national, and specialised sources have been consulated, which local workers can supplement from better-known traditional local sources. Some guidance, and some interesting comparisons, may be derived from consideration of adjoining Kent and Surrey, too, as these counties' mines (in broadly comparable rocks) are better documented than those in Sussex. National grid references, where given, can usually give only a very approximate indication of location for as-yet unidentified sites.

James Stone of Pallingham: Barge Building in Sussex, by R. D. Hull, published 1985 (article) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9667]

Leather & Cloth: two rural trades, by M. Beswick, published 1985 (Warbleton and District History Group) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/503062]

The Offham Chalkpit Tramway and Incline - A Survey and Description, by R. G. Martin, published 1985 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 15, article, pp.11-15) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/15] & The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

The tramway at the Offham Chalkpit extended from the chalk pit base level down to a branch off the Upper Ouse Navigation known as Chalkpit Cut. It was built in 1809 and is shown on the First Edition of the 25 inch Ordnance Survey map published in 1873, but on the Second Edition, dated 1898 there is no sign of the tramway and the chalk pit is described as "disused".

George Shiffner and the Offham Chalkpit Tramway, by Tom Evans, published 1985 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 15, article, pp.15-18) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/15] & The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

A recent re-examination of the Shiffner manuscripts at the East Sussex Record Office, Lewes has been undertaken with special attention to those that throw light on the sources of supply of materials for plateways in the South of England in the early years of the nineteenth century.
George Shiffner was an industrialist with Russian origins, a military background and was later M.P. for Lewes, (1812-1826). He lived at Coombe Place, Offham just north of Lewes and operated a business at the Offham chalk pits. During the "canal mania", when the River Ouse above Lewes was being canalised under the direction of William Jessop Jnr., George Shiffner had the intention of supplying chalk by means of a "cut" from the Ouse and an inclined plane with a plateway to transport the chalk to barges moored at a wharf and possibly with limekilns near the foot of the incline. In 1807 this must have been quite a revolutionary project for rural Sussex.

The Ashburnham Limeworks at Glaziers Forge, Burwash, by W. R. Beswick, published 1985 in Sussex Industrial History (issue No. 15, article, pp.18-21) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/15] & The Keep [LIB/506525]   Download PDF

The limeworks of the Ashburnham estates were important during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, not only as a source of family revenue but as a supply of lime to the surrounding Weald. At this time, the iron smelting industry was beginning to phase itself out so that wood fuel for such operations as this, would once more become available and at an economic price. It therefore made good sense to exploit the limestone of the Purbeck bed which ran in a north-westerly direction, across part of the estate from Orchard Wood near Battle, to Poundsford Farm in Burwash Parish.

Sussex Industrial Archaeology: a Field Guide, edited by Brian Austen, Don Cox and J. Upton, published 1 January 1985 (114 pp., Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd., ISBN-10: 0850335566 & ISBN-13: 9780850335569) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9137] & The Keep [LIB/502228] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Sussex was not dramatically affected by the first impact of the Industrial Revolution, but for long had a range of industries serving local needs, mainly associated with food processing, agriculture and building trades.

Iron industry of the Weald, by Henry Cleere, D. Crossley and B. C. Worssam, published 31 December 1985 (367 pp., Leicester Uniersity Press, ISBN-10: 0718512138 & ISBN-13: 9780718512132) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9491] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

No More Cast Iron: the true story of a Sussex builder told by his daughter, by Beryl Golding, published 1987 (Lantern Press, ISBN-10: 1850930589 & ISBN-13: 9781850930587) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9920][Lib 17287] & West Sussex Libraries

The story of Major George James Smith, Royal Engineers

Iron Graveslabs. A Sideline of the Early Iron Industry, by Rosalind M. Willatts, published 1987 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 125, article, pp.99-114) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 9994] & The Keep [LIB/500304] & S.A.S. library

Bognor Gas, Light & Coke Company Ltd. 1865-1939, by William Gage, published 1987 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 17, article, pp.2-13, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/17] & The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

The use of gas as an illuminant was adopted by many towns during the first half of the nineteenth century and in the majority of cases the supply of gas especially during those early years was in the hands of private statutory companies. In most places the local authorities of the day were quite incapable of organising a utility of this kind.
The first evidence of a gas supply for Bognor exists with a contract dated 4th March 1851 between Messrs Snooke & Others of Chichester and the Commissioners of the Local Board for the erection of a gas works on land now known as Argyle Circus and for the supply of public lamps with gas. However, it was not until 1865 that the Bognor Gas Light and Coke Company Ltd was formed for the purpose of making supplying gas, coke and other by products to Bognor and adjoining parishes.
On 7th March of that year fifteen gentlemen subscribed to a Memorandum of Association drawn up by a local solicitor; a Frederick Elkins, who was further instructed to draw up Articles of Association. Both the Memorandum & Articles according to Mr Elkins' bill of costs, were duly registered at the Joint Stock Registry on 19th April 1865. The original capital was &Pound;3000 divided into 600 shares each of &Pound;5 and the Memorandum stated that the qualification to become a director was the possession of at least five shares.

Oasthouses in Ewhurst Parish. Evidence for the History of an Industry, by Gwen Jones, published 1988 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 126, article, pp.195-224) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 10371] & The Keep [LIB/500303] & S.A.S. library

The Story of Caffyns from 1865, by Linda M. Gowans, published 1989 (booklet, 36 pp.) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 10635] & The Keep [LIB/502343] & East Sussex Libraries

Sussex Leather Industry in the 19th Century, by G. Mead, published 1989 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 19, article, pp.2-10, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

The leather industry had a role in the national economy greatly overlooked by many economic historians. Even the S.I.A.S. field guide does not mention a single item connected with the industry. During the eighteenth century it was the second biggest industry overall: by 1800 its value of &Pound;10+ million was only exceeded by woollen cloth and yarn. It remained a vital component in the nation's wealth throughout the nineteenth century, and in 1907 output by value, as a proportion of total industrial output, was 2.6% equal to the value of shipbuilding, and exceeded only by wool products at 2.8%. Tanning was carried on in 800 yards and the industry employed half a million people.
Products for home and export markets, raw materials of bark, hides, tan and finished goods, leather, footwear and harness, were stimulated by the rapid expansion of British industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At all levels of production and usage the products of the leather industry performed vital functions, from supplying machinery driving belts, to linings of gentlemen's hats. The growth of industry, closely linked as it was to the improvements in a wide range of communications, stimulated transport of all kinds, and thereby saddlery and haulage harness. For domestic consumption there was a continuously heavy demand for all types of footwear, clothing and gloves, and articles as diverse as bellows, buckets and bookbindings.

Water-wheel Driven Beam Pump at Bignor Park, by R. M. Palmer and A. E. Baxter, published 1989 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 19, article, pp.11-21, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

It was a tantalisingly brief mention of Bignor Park in the S.I.H. article on the Petworth Water Supply that set the first-named author on what proved to be a long and at times exhausting trail of discovery and detection. Armed with the statement that a beam pump similar to that at Coultershaw existed in Bignor Park, he set out with the, almost voluntary, aid of some S.I.A.S. colleagues to track it down. This article relates their endeavours to piece together the design and operation of the pump installation.
The article starts by tracing the history of Bignor Park and includes some comments on water supply to country houses. This is followed by a description of the excavation and recording carried out on site. The results are then set out, leading to a theoretical reconstruction of the layout and operation of the pump. Finally, the archival evidence available on the history of the pump is considered and some attempt made to date its origin.
Bignor Park is in West Sussex, situated just to the north of the Downs near Petworth and lies in the Gault Clay strip between the Upper and Lower Greensands. Through the Park runs a stream fed by springs which gush out from the foot of the Downs above Bignor Mill. By this stream was built the beam pump (GR 993153) to supply water to Bignor House.

Charles Eamer Kempe, by Antony Dale, published March 1989 in Sussex Family Historian (vol. 8 no. 5, article, p.197) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 10736] & The Keep [LIB/501260] & CD SFH40 from S.F.H.G.

Charles Eamer Kempe was born at Ovingdean on the 29th June 1837, educated at Rugby and Pembroke College, Oxford. After an apprenticeship with Clayton & Ball, he began to practise on his own in 1866 and quickly became one of the most successful and best-known designers of stained glass in England. He lived at Old Place, Lindfield and died on 29th April 1907, unmarried,

William Cooper - Millwright and Engineer (1825-76), by D. H. Cox, published 1990 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 20, article, pp.2-15, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

Windmills and watermills have been places of interest and admiration by many for a very long time. It is perhaps thanks to the landscape painter in particular that we have a record of many mills now destroyed or altered beyond recognition. However, not too much thought has been given to the men who created and improved the mills and the machinery that they contain. The name 'millwright' is well known but few details exist of their work. We can see the results of their labours but who did what and at which mill?
William Cooper was one of those millwrights. He came to Henfield in Sussex in 1854 with his wife and three children to work with James Neal in his millwright's business. .After a short partnership with Neal, W. Cooper carried on the business on his own until his death in 1876. His wife then continued the business until about 1876, with the High Street premises being sold in 1905. The site remained in much the same condition for a further 60 years or so being used in part for storage purposes. The buildings were eventually demolished in 1967 and nothing remains apart from the name which is preserved In the road leading to the Village Hall now called 'Coopers Way'.

West Sussex Industrial Estates Directory, published 1991 (pamphlet, Chichester: West Sussex County Council) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 11076]

A Country Garage - Quick's of Handcross, by Frederick Sowrey, published 1991 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 21, article, pp.2-8, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

Over the decades the work of the wheelwright declined, but blacksmithing prospered and it was to the blacksmith that many early motorists turned to fabricate replacements or repairs for their cars. It was a natural starting point for the embryonic motor trade and it was here that Archie Quick came in November 1925 to join the two blacksmiths who were needed to meet local demand. The wheelwrights shop became the garage workshop.

Hollingbury Industrial Estate, Brighton, by Hugh Fermer, published 1991 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 21, article, pp.16-35, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

In the immediate post-war period, the provision of employment was considered to be a major problem. There were large numbers of civilians whose work was connected with the war effort, and this would obviously terminate when the war ended. There were also a very large number of people being demobilised from the forces. These facts prompted Brighton Council to take steps in the mid 1940s to ensure the prosperity and continuing employment of Brighton people, by planning a large industrial estate.

Pullman Craftsmen: Life in the Pullman Car Company's Preston Park Works Brighton 1947-1963 - A View from the Shop Floor, by Nick Wellings with reminiscences of three craftsmen - Don Carter, Joe Kent and geoff Hart, published 1992 (74 pp., Brighton: Queenspark, ISBN-10: 0904733505 & ISBN-13: 9780904733501) accessible at: West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The Excavation of a Romano-British Iron Working Site at Broadfield, Crawley, West Sussex, by Caroline R. Cartwright, published 1992 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 130, article, pp.22-59) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 11918] & The Keep [LIB/500289] & S.A.S. library

Experimental Cement Shaft Kiln at Beddingham, by Ron Martin, published 1992 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 22, article, pp.21-35, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506526]   Download PDF

The Society was invited in Summer 1989 by Blue Circle Industries Plc. To survey the kiln situated at their landfill site at Beddingham in East Sussex.

Oasthouses in Sussex and Kent: their history and development, by Gwen Jones and John Bell, published 1 January 1992 (viii + 72 pp., Phillimore for Hop Industry Research Survey, Chichester, ISBN-10: 0850338182 & ISBN-13: 9780850338188) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/502135] & R.I.B.A. Library & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The History of Tanning in Chichester, by Roy Morgan, published April 1992 in West Sussex History, the Journal of West Sussex Archives Society (no. 49, article, p.11) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16404/49] & The Keep [LIB/500483]

Notes on Sussex Limeworks, by Paul W. Sowan, published 1993 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 23, article, pp.2-5, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

During the course of my researches Into the hearthstone mining and building stone quarrying industries of Surrey, I had cause to meet the late Major Edgar Taylerson, formerly managing director of the by then wound up Dorking Greystone Lime Co. Ltd., of Betchworth In Surrey. The company, which had been Incorporated In 1865, had during Its lifetime of almost a century a remarkable history of commercial and technological flair. There were early links with Sussex Interests, including collaboration with the Sub Wealden Gypsum Co. Ltd., with which company the 'Dorking Greystone' exchanged locomotives, and developed a trade-marked brand of wall plaster (Sirapite - the word is derived from 'Paris'!). The Dorking company built one of the earlier limeworks hydrating plants at Betchworth in 1924, and appears at least within Surrey and Sussex to have been seen as something of a pioneer to whom requests for advice were often sent. At this date, It was still the general practice for limeworks to send lump or ground quicklime to their customers, which customers had then to hydrate the material for themselves. There were predictable accidents when consignments were sent off, inadequately sheeted, in rainy weather!
On the commercial front, in addition to collaboration with the Sussex gypsum mines, the 'Dorking' company was a prominent voice in the some-time Greystone Limeburners' Association, and files relating to that body contain material relevant to the study of limeworks throughout the home counties. And the directors at Betchworth operated a programme of buying-up or considering for purchase smaller works in Kent, Surrey and Sussex, or converting privately operated concerns Into subsidiary or associated limited companies. One such was the firm of George Newington & Co. Ltd., of Giynde in Sussex. Finally, the 'Dorking' company, which at Its peak of development before the Second World War had a staff In excess of 50 persons, and workshop and laboratory facilities, provided advice, contracted for repair works, and provided a chemical analysis service.

Machine Tool Manufacture in Sussex, by Hugh Fermer, published 1993 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 23, article, pp.13-31, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

An Interesting facet of Sussex Industry is the story of the only Large scale machine tool manufacturer in the area. This is CVA Jigs Moulds & Tools Ltd. which became K&T CVA then KTM and still exists at Hollingbury as FMT.

The Yapton Agricultural Engineering Works, 1856-1931, by Denis Vardy, published 1994 (pamphlet) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12260]

Samuel Peat: A Chichester Cabinet Maker, by Margaret Ponsonby, published 1994 in Regional Furniture Vol 8 (vol. 8, article, pp.64-72) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12866][Lib 12940][Lib 13536]

Estate Industry at the Hyde, Handcross, by Ron Martin, published 1994 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 24, article, pp.37-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/24] & The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

Bread Oven at Slindon Old Bakery, by Ron Martin, published 1994 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 24, article, pp.39-40, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/24] & The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

The original ovens at the Slindon Old Bakery were replaced in the 1930s by what was then modern technology in the form of a two deck hot air peel oven. Prior to that many of the small country bakeries were equipped with side flue ovens such as the one at Ore Hastings, described in the Society's Newsletter No.77.

Ashburnham Furnace in the early 18th century, by P. W. King, published 1995 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 133, article, pp.255-262) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 13209] & The Keep [LIB/500288] & S.A.S. library

Iron industry of the Weald, by Henry Cleere, D. W. Crossley and edited by Jeremy Hodgkinson, published 7 April 1995 (revised edition, 424 pp., Merton Priory Press Ltd., ISBN-10: 1898937044 & ISBN-13: 9781898937043) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 12860] & The Keep [LIB/502218] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries   Download PDF

The Weald of Kent, Surrey and Sussex form the site of the major concentration of ironmaking in Britain during two distinct periods of the island's history; during the Roman occupation of AD43-400 and in the 16th and 17th centuries. This book surveys the evidence derived from excavation, fieldwork, documentary studies and experimental archæology carried out by the Wealden Iron Research Group. It includes chapters on geology and topography of the region, the iron industry during the successive periods of operation, and the technology of the direct and indirect ironmaking processes, together with a detailed gazetteer of sites.

Gypsum excavations at Mountfield, by Don Cox, published 1996 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 26, article, pp.26-31, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

Whilst there have been several mentions of the overhead cable railway at Mountfield in our newsletters I have noticed the absence of any information on the product that it carried. Thus I was pleased that when I was recently given a book on the History of BPB Industries I found it contained some information on the gypsum works at Mountfield. The following is based on information taken mostly from that book.

Brighton's Tunbridge Ware Industry, by Brian Austen, published 1997 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 27, article, pp.8-17, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

The popularisation of sea-bathing from the mid-eighteenth century was, in the matter of a few decades, to transform Brighton from a decaying town reliant on fishing and the sea-carrying trades, to a thrusting boom town dedicated to health and the pleasures of life. The first sea-bathers, concerned to promote their health. had arrived in the 1730s and it was the publicity given to sea water cures by Dr. Richard Russell, and his residence in the town from 1754, which stimulated growth. As at inland spas medicinal requirements were rapidly overtakes by the need for facilities that would promote social activity and entertainment. By 1754 an Assembly Room existed at the Castle Inn and another was added at the Old Ship in 1761. Six years later a Master of Ceremonies was appointed. The first visit by royalty was in July 1765 by the Duke of Gloucester. Tradesman were attracted to the town to serve the visitors, such as booksellers and librarians, toymen, perfumers and milliners. There was a demand for attractive and fashionable objects that would provide memories of the time spent in the town, or presents for those family or friend at home. It was to service this need that the Tunbridge ware industry developed in Brighton.

Some Sussex Lime Kilns, by Ron Martin, published 1997 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 27, article, pp.34-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506527]   Download PDF

This article is the result of the beginnings of a survey of lime kilns in Sussex and will be complemented by a further one when the research is completed. I have started with some general remarks about the uses of lime and finished with the description of three lime kilns which have been surveyed.

Brighton Mechanics' Institute Members & Donors 1825-1828, by Mike Strong, published September 1997 in Sussex Family Historian (vol. 12 no. 7, article, pp.252-255) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14879] & The Keep [LIB/508814] & CD SFH40 from S.F.H.G.

Lists name, occupation and address

Using elderly data bases. Iron Age Pit Deposits at the Caburn, East Sussex, and Related Sites, by Sue Hamilton, published 1998 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 136, article, pp.23-40) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 13921] & The Keep [LIB/500297] & S.A.S. library

Industrial Sussex, by Brian Austen, published 1 January 1999 in An Historical Atlas of Sussex (pp.104-105, Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd, ISBN-10: 1860771122 & ISBN-13: 9781860771125) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14026][Lib 18777] & The Keep [LIB/501686][LIB/508903] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Brick, Tile and Pottery Manufacture, by Molly Beswick, published 1 January 1999 in An Historical Atlas of Sussex (pp.106-107, Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd, ISBN-10: 1860771122 & ISBN-13: 9781860771125) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14026][Lib 18777] & The Keep [LIB/501686][LIB/508903] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Lime, Cement, Plaster and the Extractive Industries, by Don Cox, published 1 January 1999 in An Historical Atlas of Sussex (pp.110-111, Chichester: Phillimore & Co. Ltd, ISBN-10: 1860771122 & ISBN-13: 9781860771125) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14026][Lib 18777] & The Keep [LIB/501686][LIB/508903] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

Midhurst Whites Brickworks: George Cloke's Account, by Brian Austen (introduction), published 2000 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 30, article, pp.24-28, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/30] & The Keep [LIB/506528]   Download PDF

Only a store shed and some points from a light railway now survive from the Midhurst Whites Brickworks which were sited close to the former London & South Western Railway station at Midhurst (SU 877213). The Works were established in 1913 by S. Pearson & Son, Civil Engineers, a firm controlled by the Cowdray family. The Works at Midhurst Common were built on land owned by Lord Cowdray. Sand for brick production was extracted from a site close to the Works. After World War I the business was sold and the new owner also operated a lime works at Cocking, three miles south of Midhurst. In 1926 Benjamin Cloke became the owner and by 1930 was trading as the Midhurst Brick & Lime Co. Ltd. He used the railway to despatch bricks to London. In common with other brickworks, the business suffered from the depression of the early 1930s and unsold stocks of bricks mounted.

Keymer Brick and Tile Works, by Frederick M. Avery, published 2000 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 30, article, pp.29-31, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/30] & The Keep [LIB/506528]   Download PDF

Big hole, Big Bertha, green clay, blue lake, primrose heat, beehives, frogs and dinosaurs are all terms that may have been heard by visitors to the Keymer Works. What do these terms mean you may ask? All will be revealed in an attempt to condense the history of the Works, covering more than two and a half centuries.

Keymer No. 1 Brickworks, Burgess Hill, by Martin Ron, published 2000 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 30, article, pp.32-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 16389/30] & The Keep [LIB/506528]   Download PDF

This site was surveyed by the writer with the assistance of Peter Holtham in January and February, 2000 prior to its imminent demolition before development for housing.

Excavations on a late medieval ironworking site at London Road, Crawley, West Sussex, 1997, by Nicholas Cooke, published 2001 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 139, article, pp.147-167) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 14916] & The Keep [LIB/500292] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Excavations by Wessex Archaeology in advance of redevelopment of land off London Road in Crawley revealed considerable evidence for late medieval ironworking on the northern edge of the town. This included substantial deposits of smelting and forging slag, several ironworking hearths and a sequence of associated clay floors. Sufficient evidence was recovered to suggest a variety of ironworking processes including ore roasting, smelting and forging/smithing took place either on, or in close proximity to, the site. Of particular interest were the remains of a structure, probably a smithy, in one of the properties on the London Road frontage. Archaeomagnetic dating indicates that the main period of ironworking was during the late 14th and early 15th centuries, a date broadly supported by the small quantity of pottery recovered. A series of regular field boundaries to the west of the street frontage appeared to represent a planned medieval field system, probably established in the 13th century. Post-medieval activity, not associated with ironworking, was represented by the remains of a 17th-century building and well, and three 19th-century buildings.

Longley's Perfected Wood Block Flooring, by Norman Longley, published 2001 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 31, article, pp.9-21, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506529]   Download PDF

During the Victorian era wood block flooring was being used extensively for the ground floors of public buildings such as town halls, churches and schools. With their new Steam Joinery Works at Crawley, Longleys found themselves well equipped to make the blocks and Charles Longley hit on the idea of making a sort of tongue on each end of every block that would engage loosely (aided by the hot laying mastic) with the side of the adjoining block. Charles Longley, with the aid of his friend John Every, ironmaster of the Phoenix ironworks at Lewes, designed a machine that with one movement of the flooring strip across two saws would give the desired tongued end - the side groove having already been made by the four-cutter machine.
He thought the system worth patenting so that Longley's flooring could be sold for buildings for which Longleys were not general contractors. This was achieved and a patent granted in 1890, but not without a man called Charteris muscling in on the idea claiming he had just thought of it also.

The Private Press Movement in Sussex, by Peter Longstaff-Tyrrell, published 2001 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 31, article, pp.22-23, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506529]   Download PDF

Sussex remains rich in many areas of its industrial past and hand press establishments, or should we collate them as private presses, differed from more commercial concerns in that they could decide upon the work they undertook and were not necessarily restricted by commercial influences. Much of the equipment used in hand printing had of course previously been used in more commercial environments.

Sussex Silver and Its Makers, by Timothy Kent, published 2002 (48 pp., J. H. Bourdon-Smith Ltd.) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506061] & West Sussex Libraries & East Sussex Libraries

The book discusses at length the two main silver producing towns of Chichester (14 pages) and Lewes (12 pages), giving the historical contexts, biographies of silversmiths and photographs of relevant locally made items. Both of these towns are well known for producing some fine spoons and the book covers the period of production from the late 16th through to the early 18th Century.

?There are times when we would all prefer the factory life?: letters from the trenches to the Shippam works in Chichester during the First World War, by K. Grieves, published 2003 in Journal of family and community history (vol. 6, no. 1, article, pp.59-70)

Wind Powered Electrical Generator at High Salvington, by Roger Ashton, published 2003 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 33, article, pp.6-9, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506531]   Download PDF

High Salvington Windmill at TQ 123067 ceased working full time on 15 September 1897 but produced small amounts of animal feed until 1905/6. The mill had been purchased by Colonel T.F. Wisden on 20 January 1887 and when he died, on 22 October 1904, his will ensured that the mill was to be kept in working order. It was inherited by Frederick Wisden who sold it, together with 20 acres of surrounding land, for £350, on 15 October 1906, to Alfred Charles Jackson who was to become a local councillor and later an Alderman. By the summer of 1907 the concrete and brick roundhouse had been constructed and was serving teas.
To this community in 1914 came Frank Redgrave Cripps "who was born in Liverpool Gardens in Worthing, left the town when he embarked on a career as an electrical engineer, and worked for an electrical traction company that installed the tramway systems in Liverpool, Dublin and other towns". By 1922 he was supplying many of the residents with electricity for lighting from a small generating plant powered by an American style windmill.

C.V.A./Kearney & Trecker, by Peter Groves, published 2003 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 33, article, pp.10-22, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506531]   Download PDF

The Hove based Machine Tool Company, known for much of the twentieth Century as CVA, was founded at the end of World War I. Its headquarters for over 50 years was in Portland Road, Hove, near the bottom of what is now Olive Road, on the site currently occupied by Seeboard Energy. Commercial activities operated from this vicinity prior to 1918.

Swanbourne Lake Pumphouse, Arundel, by Tony Baxter, published 2004 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 34, article, pp.12-18, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506532]   Download PDF

A short distance to the north of Arundel Castle lies Swanbourne Lake, created before the Conquest as a mill pond but then in the late 1700s enlarged to become an ornamental lake with a new mill pond built at the southern end of the lake to serve the mill which was painted by Constable in 1837. This was demolished soon after and in its place appeared the pumphouse, the subject of this story.

History of Shoreham Cement Works, by Ron Martin, published 2004 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 34, article, pp.26-35, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506532]   Download PDF

Located in the Adur Valley at TQ 200086, are the remains of the Shoreham Cement Works. Although mainly within the parish of Upper Beeding, successive owners have always referred to the site as "Shoreham". It was built on both sides of the A283 road at the east side of the River Adur and the 1861 Shoreham to Horsham railway line. The existing works was built between 1946 and 1952 as a state of the art design and was finally closed in 1991.

Balcombe Road Forge, Crawley, by Ron Martin, published 2004 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 34, article, pp.38-40, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506532]   Download PDF

The forge was located on the east side of Balcombe Road, Crawley at TQ 2979 3675 and was an L-shaped building, the short leg being at the rear of the site, orientated north to south and this has been referred to this as the "original forge" with the more recent extension running east to west toward the road.

Halsted & Sons of Chichester, Engineers & Ironfounders, by Alan J. Green, published 2005 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 35, article, pp.2-13, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506533]   Download PDF

Chichester, as with most small nineteenth-century country towns, was home to light industry. In Chichester's case most of this was associated with the output from agriculture - woolstapling, tanning, malting, brewing, slaughtering etc. but there was also much in the way of cottage industry such as clock making. A notable except-ion to this, however, was the business known as Halsted and Sons. Founded in the 1840s, it expanded from being an ironmongers into a full-scale engineering manufactory, sited not only in the heart of the city but in the exclusive residential area known as the Pallants.

Swanbourne Pump House, Arundel - an architectural appraisal, by Ron Martin, published 2005 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 35, article, pp.14-19, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506533]   Download PDF

In Sussex Industrial History No. 34, Tony Baxter covers the history of the site and the description of the machinery of the Swanbourne Pump House. This article is concerned mainly with the building and its environment and the possible design of the water wheel, which preceded the turbine. For the purpose of description in this article the side of the pump house facing the tail pond is deemed to face due east.

The 'Creteships': Concrete Shipbuilding at Shoreham 1918-20, by N. Kelly, published 2005 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 35, article, pp.20-27, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506533]   Download PDF

By the end of the nineteenth century shipbuilding at Shoreham in West Sussex had declined to the point of extinction, leaving only a residual yacht and boat building industry; it appeared at that time very unlikely that substantial shipbuilding would ever resume at the port.
However, due to the extreme situation brought about by the First World War shipbuilding, operations at Shoreham were to enjoy a brief, if somewhat unusual, revival between 1918 and 1920.

Pen to Paper: The Story of Newhavens Pen Factory, by Malcolm Troak, published 6 October 2005 (143 pp., New Anzac Publications, ISBN-10: 0953911543 & ISBN-13: 9780953911547) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Hastings & St Leonards utilities : 1832-2002 : 170 years of waterworks, sewage & gas history, by George D. Coleman, published 2006 (International Stationary Steam Engine Society) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

Iron and brass ware in East Sussex in the 1540s, by Brian G. Awty, published 2006 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 144, short article, pp.215-219) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 15759] & The Keep [LIB/500362] & S.A.S. library   View Online

British Syphon Company Limited, Hampden Park, Eastbourne, by David G. Jones, published 2006 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 36, article, pp.2-11, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506534]   Download PDF

In 1957 The British Syphon Company Ltd. and its two subsidiaries, The Riley Manufacturing Company and The Conveyor Construction and Engineering Company, moved into brand new premises on the Brampton Road Industrial Estate, Hampden Park, from locations in London.

Trade and Economic Developments, 1450-1550: The Experience of Kent, Surrey and Sussex, by Mavis E. Mate, published 1 February 2006 (270 pp., Boydell Press, ISBN-10: 1843831899 & ISBN-13: 9781843831891) accessible at: East Sussex Libraries

The changes that affected the English economic landscape between 1450 and 1550 are examined here through a close study of three south-eastern counties which provide a rich variety of sources. Mavis Mate pays particular attention to the growing commercialisation of the brewing industry and its impact on women, the expansion of trade with Normandy, Brittany and the Low Countries, and the rise of trade outside the market place. Using material from the lay subsidy rolls of 1524-5, she finds a sharp difference between towns in their distribution of wealth, the size of their alien population and the number of men earning wages of forty shillings. Although the growth of London undoubtedly influenced the areas south of the Thames, its markets were always in competition with local markets and the need to provision Calais. Other changes included the increasing exploitation of woodland to produce fuel, wood and charcoal, and the intensive cultivation of gardens, with the growing of hemp, saffron and all kinds of fruit trees. These developments would not have been possible without changes in the customary land market that allowed gentry, the yeomen, and merchants to buy up former bond-land and build up substantial holdings. As land accumulated in new hands, the former small-holders either disappeared or held their land under different terms. Their standard of living, which had improved in the hundred years after the Black Death, dropped when wages failed to keep pace with prices.

CVA/Kearney & Trecker Machine Assembly Plant, Eaton Road, Hove, by Peter Groves, published 2007 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 37, article, pp.24-28, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506535]   Download PDF

Hove machine tool manufacturer CVA was once one of the largest manufacturing employers in the area. At its peak in the 1960s over 2000 staff were employed at seven locations around the Brighton area. One of these locations was the Machine Assembly Plant in Eaton Road, right in the centre of Hove.

Norman and Burt: Local Builders of Renown, by Frederic M. Avery, published 1 November 2007 (Occasional papers, no. 2, 42 pp., Burgess Hill Local History Society, ISBN-10: 0954928113 & ISBN-13: 9780954928117) accessible at: Burgess Hill Local History Society & West Sussex Libraries

CVA at Coombe Road, Brighton, by Peter Groves, published 2008 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 38, article, pp.38-39, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506536]   Download PDF

In the spring of 1917, the question of training soldiers disabled in the First World War arose. As a result of a successful pilot scheme, work started in 1918 to build a special factory in Coombe Road, Brighton, opposite Preston Barracks. The factory was known as the Bernard Oppenheimer Diamond Works, and was the backbone of a large undertaking, where the war disabled were trained to polish diamonds. The factory was one of the largest in the Brighton area. In the early days among the names of important visitors were General Smuts, Lord Haig, John Galsworthy and Mr. Horatio Bottomely. Of particular interest was the well-equipped clinic, specially set up to deal with the employees, many of whom had lost limbs and needed specialist treatment.
The factory was acquired by Hove Machine Tool manufacturer CVA in 1945. CVA had expanded in the post-war period, and the old diamond works was one of a number of factories they acquired in the Brighton area in the 1940s and 1950s. CVA used the factory for a number of its departments, and it was home to many projects, fractional horsepower motors, drill chucks, lathe chucks and, surprisingly, domestic appliances.

Norman & Burt of Burgess Hill - Local Builders of Renown, by Frederic M. Avery, published 2010 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 40, article, pp.2-6, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506537]   Download PDF

In 1862 Simeon Norman started a building business in Burgess Hill from premises in London Road just south of the "Brewer's Arms" public house. He was the youngest of eleven children and his father was William Norman of Chailey whose first wife was Mary Avery (1780-1815), of Fowles Farm, St. John's Common in Clayton parish. They had three children before Mary died at the young age of 35. William's second marriage was to Barbara Leaney (1796-1867) and they had one daughter and seven sons, the youngest being Simeon, founder of the business, who was born on 3 December 1833.
Simeon's grandparents, Richard and Elizabeth Norman, built the family fortunes at the Chailey brick, tile and pottery works which they inherited in 1792, but started in the trade earlier in Burgess Hill about 1735. Simeon's father, William, continued the works which passed to his older sons Richard and Nathan. Simeon learnt his trade there as a carpenter journeyman. In 1856 Simeon married Catherine Burt, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Burt of Ditchling. The factor that influenced Simeon to establish his business may have been the building of the parish church of St. John the Evangelist, Burgess Hill which by 1861 was under construction by builder John Ellis of Chichester. The following year he established his local building business to fill a perceived "gap in the market". In 1864, Simeon invited his young brother-in-law, Henry Burt (1850 1922), then aged fourteen, to join the firm and later he became a partner in the business.

Shipbuilding at West Itchenor, by Philip McDougall, published 2010 in Sussex Industrial History (issue no. 40, article, pp.7-10, ISSN: 0263-5151) accessible at: The Keep [LIB/506537]   Download PDF

During the eighteenth and the early years of the nineteenth century, the small waterside village of West Itchenor acquired some importance as a shipbuilding centre. The work of shipbuilding was not a constant process, the village having developed a particular niche in the construction of warships during periods of conflict. It was at such times that the government's own dockyards were so overburdened that new construction work was contracted out to merchants in possession of suitable facilities.

The history of coppicing in south east England in the modern period with special reference to the chestnut industry of Kent and Sussex , by Deborah Mary Frances Barlett, 2011 at University of Greenwich (Ph.D. thesis)   View Online

This thesis focuses on coppice woodland management in South East England, the region with the greatest concentration of woodland in the UK, with Kent the county with the highest proportion of ancient semi-natural broadleaved woodland. The woodland management practice of coppicing has declined, particularly since the Second World War, generally attributed to loss of markets for products fashioned from small diameter roundwood. This thesis begins by asking questions about the decline in the coppice industry particularly the extent of the decline and the significance this has for ecology and landscape, as well for the livelihoods of both woodland owners and the workforce. This is set in context by a review of the historical background, focusing on the modern period, the previous research into the industry, and the changes in policy that have taken place over the last fifty years. The evidence for the decline and the attempts that have been made to address it are evaluated. A series of investigations have been undertaken, including interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. These provide evidence that coppicing is still taking place over a wide area, and that there is a strong demand for products, both here and abroad, particularly for chestnut fencing. Claims by earlier researchers that the workforce is diminishing, with the majority nearing retirement, are refuted. Profiling the workforce has revealed the existence of separate groups, with distinct characteristics. These do not operate in the same way, indicating that considering the industry as a single entity is no longer valid. The importance of the chestnut workers, with a craft tradition handed down through the generations should be acknowledged. The current political context highlights the importance of involving all stakeholders in decision making. Recommendations are made for further research to incorporate this and so enable more successful development of the coppice industry in the future, whether this is for environmental, economic or social reasons.

A History of the Keymer Tile Works, by Frederic M. Avery, published 1 July 2011 (Occasional papers, no. 3, 31 pp., Burgess Hill Local History Society, ISBN-10: 0954928121 & ISBN-13: 9780954928124) accessible at: Burgess Hill Local History Society

Keymer Tile Works has been one of the foremost works in Sussex since the nineteenth century producing good quality bricks and tiles which were used on many buildings throughout south-east England. This book traces the origins of the works and of its many owners in a great deal of detail. The works was originally set up by Sampson Copestake, an entrepreneur who bought large parts of what is now Burgess Hill and the works was well established by 1875, with Henry Johnson, by then a partner, as Johnson & Co. The works was located to the south of Cant's Lane and adjacent to the Eastbourne to Lewes railway line, firing bricks using the clamp system. After a disastrous fire in 1884, the works was substantially rebuilt and was then trading as the Keymer Brick Company, with all bricks being kiln fired and including one large Hoffman kiln. After WWI the works expanded and two more Hoffman kilns, eleven circular beehive kilns and some tunnel kilns were added.
One criticism of the book is that there is not a very coherent description of the structures on the site - the architectural drawing of No 1. Brickworks is the only one included whereas there were several; other drawings were available. Two unfortunate mistakes are that mathematical tiles pre-dated the Brick Tax by several decades and the correct name of the Brighton Children's Hospital was The Royal Alexandra Hospital for Sick Children. It is also unfortunate that some of the illustrations have not reproduced well.
As a history of the firm and its personalities this is an excellent publication and well worth having for anyone interested in brickmaking and Burgess Hill.

The Georgian provincial builder-architect and architect: Amon and Amon Henry Wilds of Lewes and Brighton, c. 1790-1850, by Sue Berry, published 2012 in Sussex Archæological Collections (vol. 150, article, pp.162-183) accessible at: W.S.R.O. [Lib 18615] & The Keep [LIB/500368] & S.A.S. library   View Online

Provincial builders and architects designed the majority of urban buildings during the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries and therefore deserve study. Some, such as James Essex (1722-84), Owen Browne Carter (1806-1859), the Bastard family of Blandford and the Smiths of Warwick, had substantial influence within an area.1 From the later eighteenth century, provincial builder-architects and architects faced increasing competition from men trained in architectural practices in London who were particularly interested in the larger, more prestigious schemes. The Wilds moved from Lewes to Brighton when the resort was expanding rapidly; it was already far ahead of other resorts in scale and social status. Its growth attracted Charles Barry and other well-connected London architects, who were competing against each other as well as against provincial practitioners. Seen in this competitive context, self-taught provincial architects such as the Wilds were remarkably successful.

J. Rock to Caffyns Ltd.: the diary of a Hastings & Tunbridge Wells royal carriage builder 1822-1949, edited by David Renno, published 1 October 2012 (iii + 103 pp., Hastings: Hastings Local Books, ISBN-10: 0956866948 & ISBN-13: 9780956866943) accessible at: British Library & East Sussex Libraries

Agriculture and Industry in South-Eastern Roman Britain, edited by David Bird, published 31 December 2016 (368 pp., Oxbow Books, ISBN-10: 1785703196 & ISBN-13: 9781785703195)

The ancient counties surrounding the Weald in the SE corner of England have a strongly marked character of their own that has survived remarkably well in the face of ever-increasing population pressure. The area is, however, comparatively neglected in discussion of Roman Britain, where it is often subsumed into a generalised treatment of the ?civilian' part of Britannia that is based largely on other parts of the country. This book aims to redress the balance.
The focus is particularly on Kent, Surrey and Sussex account is taken of information from neighbouring counties, particularly when the difficult subsoils affect the availability of evidence. An overview of the environment and a consideration of themes relevant to the South-East as a whole accompany 14 papers covering the topics of rural settlement in each county, crops, querns and millstones, animal exploitation, salt production, leatherworking, the working of bone and similar materials, the production of iron and iron objects, non-ferrous metalworking, pottery production and the supply of tile to Roman London. Agriculture and industry provides an up-to-date assessment of our knowledge of the southern hinterland of Roman London and an area that was particularly open to influences from the Continent.